Founding ancestry, later absorption, dated returns, adopted bases and remaining context are separate layers. Step-parent links never become ancestry paths.
Inspect all 11 adopted bases, dates and evidence →
| From → to | Role and date | Evidence and scope |
|---|---|---|
| Japanese ryō → Japanese yen R0011 | replacement 1871 | Unit-system reform; no numerical conversion ratio or instantaneous coin retirement. |
| Nova Scotia decimal dollar → Canadian dollar R0042 | absorption 1 July 1871 for payments covered by section 6 | Provincial value alignment. Covered sums and nearest-cent rounding: section 6. |
| Straits / Malayan / Malaya–British Borneo dollar → Singapore dollar R0046 | regional_branch 1967 | One of three successor currencies. |
| Straits / Malayan / Malaya–British Borneo dollar → Malaysian dollar / ringgit R0047 | regional_branch 1967 | National branch. |
| Straits / Malayan / Malaya–British Borneo dollar → Brunei dollar R0048 | regional_branch 1967 | National branch. |
| Australian pound → Australian dollar R0050 | replacement 1966 | Local pound decimalization. |
| New Zealand pound → New Zealand dollar R0051 | replacement 1967 | Local pound decimalization. |
| Fiji pound → Fiji dollar, 1969 reform R0052 | replacement 1969 | Documented changeover; exact conversion not encoded here. |
| Australian dollar → Solomon Islands dollar R0053 | regional_branch 1977 | Only the Solomon Islands changeover, not global AUD withdrawal. Revision 25 adjudication: AUD continues elsewhere; local Solomon Islands succession is a regional branch, not global replacement. |
| British Caribbean / East Caribbean dollar → Trinidad and Tobago dollar R0055 | regional_branch 1964 | National branch; not global end of BCCB currency. |
| British Caribbean / East Caribbean dollar → Guyana dollar R0056 | regional_branch 1965 | National issue transition. |
| British Caribbean / East Caribbean dollar → Barbados dollar R0057 | regional_branch 1973 | Barbados national note branch, not end of XCD elsewhere. |
| Jamaican pound → Jamaican dollar R0058 | replacement 1969 | Jamaican decimal conversion. |
| Pound sterling → Bahamian dollar R0059 | replacement 1966 | Seven-shilling dollar. |
| Pound sterling → Bermudian dollar R0060 | replacement 1970 | Local decimal conversion. |
| Surinamese guilder → Surinamese dollar R0064 | replacement 2004 | Exempt coins and muntbiljetten retain nominal values. |
| Livre tournois → French franc — 1795 to euro conversion R0072 | replacement 1795–1799 | Livre-to-franc succession is supported with transitional treatment:1799 law preserves old obligations in livre value while providing their settlement under franc reckoning;contemporary courts enforce the distinction. |
| Irish pound — pre-1826 account unit → Pound sterling R0108 | absorption 1826 | Assimilation year from Kelly; exact statutory implementation remains open. |
| Prince Edward Island pound of account → Prince Edward Island decimal dollar R0110 | replacement December 1871–February 1872 | Account-unit decimalization; no exact pound-to-dollar conversion imported. |
| Pound sterling → Vancouver Island decimal dollar R0111 | regional_branch 1 January 1863 specified | Sterling public accounts transition to dollar accounts locally; sterling coins remain tender. Revision 25 adjudication: Vancouver dollar accounts branch locally from sterling; sterling coins and sterling elsewhere continue. |
| Pound sterling → British Columbia decimal dollar R0112 | regional_branch 1 January 1866 specified; proclamation evidence open | Local public-account transition, not replacement of sterling globally or withdrawal of sterling coins. Revision 25 adjudication: BC ordinance states an approval-proclamation condition; 1866 should remain prescribed commencement until proclamation verified. |
| Vancouver Island decimal dollar → British Columbia decimal dollar R0113 | absorption 1867 | Uniform colony-wide accounting regime; not an asserted coin recall or separately proved conversion rate. |
| Prince Edward Island decimal dollar → Canadian dollar R0114 | absorption 1881 | Legal treatment of pre-existing debts; practical assimilation in 1873 is a distinct event. |
| British Columbia decimal dollar → Canadian dollar R0115 | absorption 1881 | Legal debt-treatment boundary, not the political-union date or end of all local coins. |
| Pound sterling → West African Currency Board pound R0138 | regional_branch 1912–1913 | A separate WestAfricanpound succeeded preexisting Britishsterling circulation during1912–1913institution andissue transition; Britishsilver was actuallywithdrawn and repatriated atfacevalue. |
| West African Currency Board pound → Ghanaian pound R0139 | regional_branch 14 July 1958 | Ghana issue replaces regional issue locally. Exact statutory par-conversion and withdrawal provisions remain to be inspected. |
| Ghanaian pound → Ghanaian cedis R0140 | replacement 1965 | 1965Act substitutes cedi principalunit and converts all poundreferences in enactments and written/oral obligations at £1=2.40cedis. |
| West African Currency Board pound → Nigerian pound R0141 | regional_branch 1 July 1959 | Nigeria local succession; WACB tender persists until 1962. Exact par-exchange law remains uninspected. |
| Nigerian pound → Nigerian naira R0142 | replacement 1 January 1973 | Nigerian pound to naira; note redesigns do not add currencies. |
| West African Currency Board pound → Sierra Leonean leone R0143 | regional_branch 1964 | Leone introduced4August1964 at10shillings; contemporary centralbank accounts use leones while WACB currency withdrawn. |
| West African Currency Board pound → Gambian pound R0144 | regional_branch 1964–1968 | WACB money was gradually replaced by Gambian pounds fromOctober1964 throughJune1968; the contemporary report separately identifies Gambian pound as nationalunit and reports actual exchanges and liabilities. |
| Gambian pound → Gambian dalasi R0145 | replacement 1 July 1971 | Five dalasis per Gambian pound. |
| East African shilling → Kenyan shilling R0149 | regional_branch 1966 national transition; no shared regional termination date | Regional-to-national succession in Kenya; at-par exchange supported by historical s.23. Cash-start and territorial withdrawal notice details remain open. |
| East African shilling → Tanzanian shilling R0150 | regional_branch 1966 national transition; no shared regional termination date | Statutory regional-to-national conversion in Tanzania, including Tanganyika and Zanzibar; later tender withdrawal is separately authorised. |
| Indian rupee → Kenya and Uganda florin R0152 | regional_branch 1920 | Covered rupee contractual references became florins1:1 under the1920Order; local commencement proclamation dated July19. |
| Kenya and Uganda florin → East African shilling R0153 | replacement 1 January 1922 legal effect in Kenya; policy announced in 1921 | Kenya statutory florin-to-shilling succession. Direct former-rupee conversion also remains in the evidence register; Uganda/Tanganyika commencement not inferred. |
| Malawi pound → Malawi kwacha R0155 | replacement 15 February 1971, Part III commencement in consolidation | Two kwacha per Malawi pound under the specified domestic conversion rules; old notes/coins can continue in payments. |
| Zambian pound → Zambian kwacha R0156 | replacement 16 January 1968, institutional metadata | Two 1968-scale kwacha per Zambian pound. This rate must not be applied directly to 2013-scale ZMW. |
| Austrian schilling — postwar currency → Euro — converging national replacements R0158 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Austria; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Belgian franc → Euro — converging national replacements R0159 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Belgium; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Deutsche Mark → Euro — converging national replacements R0160 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Germany; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Spanish peseta → Euro — converging national replacements R0161 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Spain; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Finnish markka — 1860 to euro continuity → Euro — converging national replacements R0162 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Finland; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → Euro — converging national replacements R0163 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in France; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Irish pound — modern currency → Euro — converging national replacements R0164 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Ireland; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Italian lira → Euro — converging national replacements R0165 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Italy; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Luxembourg franc → Euro — converging national replacements R0166 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Luxembourg; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Dutch guilder (euro predecessor) → Euro — converging national replacements R0167 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Netherlands; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Portuguese escudo → Euro — converging national replacements R0168 | replacement 1999-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Portugal; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. |
| Modern Greek drachma — 1833 to euro continuity → Euro — converging national replacements R0169 | absorption 2001-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Greece; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Greece joins already existing euro in 2001; this is later absorption, not euro founding. |
| Slovenian tolar → Euro — converging national replacements R0170 | absorption 2007-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Slovenia; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Slovenia joins euro in 2007, eight years after euro account-unit creation. |
| Cypriot pound → Euro — converging national replacements R0171 | absorption 2008-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Cyprus; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Cyprus enters existing euro in 2008; its pound cannot be founding euro ancestry. |
| Maltese pound / lira → Euro — converging national replacements R0172 | absorption 2008-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Malta; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Malta enters existing euro in 2008; preserve national conversion but suppress founding implication. |
| Slovak koruna — 1993 currency → Euro — converging national replacements R0173 | absorption 2009-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Slovakia; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Slovakia adopts existing euro in 2009; later absorption must not date euro origin. |
| Estonian kroon — restored 1992 currency → Euro — converging national replacements R0174 | absorption 2011-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Estonia; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Estonia enters existing euro in 2011; retain conversion and remove founding implication. |
| Latvian lats — restored 1993 currency → Euro — converging national replacements R0175 | absorption 2014-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Latvia; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Latvia adopts existing euro in 2014; restored lats is an absorbed unit. |
| Lithuanian litas — restored 1993 currency → Euro — converging national replacements R0176 | absorption 2015-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Lithuania; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Lithuania adopts existing euro in 2015; this is later territorial accession. |
| Croatian kuna — 1994 currency → Euro — converging national replacements R0177 | absorption 2023-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Croatia; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Croatian kuna enters existing euro in 2023, not its 1999 founding. |
| Bulgarian lev → Euro — converging national replacements R0178 | absorption 2026-01-01 | National monetary substitution in Bulgaria; cash/tender/redemption dates are separate. Revision 25 adjudication: Bulgarian lev enters existing euro in 2026; retain documented conversion without founding classification. |
| CFA franc (BCEAO) → Guinean franc, first unit R0217 | regional_branch 1960-03-01 | Guinea leaves CFA currency for its own franc. Revision 25 adjudication: Guinea leaves the continuing CFA area for local franc; regional separation rather than global CFA replacement. |
| Guinean syli → Guinean franc R0219 | replacement 1986-01-06 | Guinea restores the franc. Use changeover date rather than 1985 note-series dating. |
| CFA franc (BCEAO) → Malian franc R0220 | regional_branch 1962-07-01 | Mali introduces its own franc. Revision 25 adjudication: Mali leaves CFA locally in 1962; CFA survives in other member states. |
| CFA franc (BCEAO) → Mauritanian ouguiya R0222 | regional_branch 1973-06-29 | Mauritania introduces the ouguiya. Effective date per Bundesbank; earlier political decisions should be separate events. Revision 25 adjudication: Mauritania leaves continuing CFA for ouguiya; 29 June is currency effectiveness, not all political milestones. |
| Guinea-Bissau peso → CFA franc (BCEAO) R0224 | absorption 1997-05-02 | Guinea-Bissau exchanges pesos for CFA francs. Currency changeover is separate from union accession. Revision 25 adjudication: Guinea-Bissau pesos convert into existing CFA in 1997; union accession and cash conversion differ. |
| Equatorial Guinean peseta / ekwele → CFA franc (BEAC) R0225 | absorption 1985-01-02 | Equatorial Guinea adopts CFA currency. Contemporary notice specifies 2 January; preferred over the 1 January date in later Bundesbank metadata. Revision 25 adjudication: Equatorial Guinea joins existing BEAC currency; contemporary 2 January date preferred over later metadata. |
| Malagasy franc — earlier Madagascar–Comoros regional phase → Malagasy ariary R0228 | replacement 2005-01-01 | The ariary becomes the accounting unit. Ariary-denominated new notes had already launched on 31 July 2003. |
| Zaire — 1967 and 1993 unit scales → Congolese franc R0251 | replacement 1998-06-30 | The Congolese franc returns. |
| Congolese franc, pre-1967 → Rwanda–Burundi franc R0252 | regional_branch 1960-09-02 | Rwanda–Burundi adopts a shared franc. |
| Rwanda–Burundi franc → Rwandan franc R0253 | regional_branch 1964-04-24 | Rwanda adopts its national franc. |
| Rwanda–Burundi franc → Burundian franc R0254 | regional_branch 1964-05-19 | Burundi adopts its national franc. |
| Algerian franc → Algerian dinar R0256 | replacement 1964-04-10 | The dinar replaces the Algerian new franc. |
| Moroccan franc → Moroccan dirham R0257 | replacement 1959-10-19 | Morocco’s dirham reform takes effect. Signed 17 October; gazette and effective date 19 October. Old francs temporarily remain legal tender. |
| Tunisian franc → Tunisian dinar R0258 | replacement 1958-11-01 | Tunisia introduces the dinar. |
| Estonian interwar currency — mark and kroon → Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity R0269 | absorption 1940-11 | Estonia introduced Soviet rubles at 1.25 rubles per kroon. Kroons temporarily co-circulated; the displayed ratio is kroons per ruble. Revision 25 adjudication: Estonia is incorporated into existing Soviet ruble system; temporary kroon circulation retained. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Estonian kroon — restored 1992 currency R0272 | regional_branch 1992-06-20 | Estonia generally exchanged 10 rubles per kroon. Cash above 1,500 rubles used 50:1; do not apply 10:1 to every holding. |
| Latvian ruble — 1919-era currency → Latvian lats — interwar currency R0274 | replacement 1922-08-03 | Latvia defined one lats as 50 Latvian rubles. Regulation date; this does not date every cash issue. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Latvian ruble — temporary 1992 currency R0276 | regional_branch 1992-05-07 | Latvian rubles entered alongside Soviet and Russian notes at 1:1. The inherited ruble-zone unit, not the later 1998 Russian ruble scale. |
| Latvian ruble — temporary 1992 currency → Latvian lats — restored 1993 currency R0277 | replacement 1993-03-05 | The lats entered at 200 Latvian rubles per lats. Five-lats notes came first. The June date in Bundesbank metadata refers to later denominations; it is not first lats circulation. |
| German mark — 1871–1948 continuity → Lithuanian litas — interwar currency R0279 | replacement 1922-10-02 | Lithuania introduced litas and began exchanging ostmarks. A floating ostmark conversion is not assigned an invented single fixed ratio. |
| Lithuanian litas — interwar currency → Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity R0280 | absorption 1940-11 | Soviet rubles entered Lithuania at 0.9 ruble per litas. The rate did not protect all deposits. Litas circulated alongside rubles until March 1941. Revision 25 adjudication: Lithuanian litas enters existing Soviet ruble system; deposit restrictions and overlap retained. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Lithuanian talonas — temporary currency 1992–1993 R0282 | regional_branch 1992-10-01 | Lithuania replaced rubles with talonas at 1:1. |
| Lithuanian talonas — temporary currency 1992–1993 → Lithuanian litas — restored 1993 currency R0283 | replacement 1993-06-25 | Lithuania exchanged 100 talonas per litas. |
| Postwar Yugoslav dinar — before successor separations → Croatian dinar — 1991–1994 transitional currency R0285 | regional_branch 1991-12-23 | Croatian dinars replaced Yugoslav dinars at par. |
| Croatian dinar — 1991–1994 transitional currency → Croatian kuna — 1994 currency R0286 | replacement 1994-05-30 | One kuna replaced 1,000 Croatian dinars. |
| Postwar Yugoslav dinar — before successor separations → Slovenian tolar R0287 | regional_branch 1991-10-08 | Slovenian tolars replaced Yugoslav dinars at par. |
| Austrian gulden — pre-1892 unit → Austro-Hungarian krone R0288 | replacement 1892 | The krone replaced the gulden at two kronen per gulden. Gulden notes continued through the transition to 1900. |
| Austro-Hungarian krone → Austrian krone — post-imperial currency R0289 | regional_branch 1919 | March25,1919 legislation converted covered crown contracts and Austrian-resident checking deposits at par into Austrian stamped-crown obligations. |
| Austrian krone — post-imperial currency → Austrian schilling — 1925–1938 currency R0290 | replacement 1925 | The schilling replaced the Austrian crown at 10,000 crowns per schilling. Year-level date distinguishes the accounting law from the March cash milestones. |
| Austrian schilling — 1925–1938 currency → German mark — 1871–1948 continuity R0291 | absorption 1938-03-17 | Austria adopted the Reichsmark at 1.5 schillings per Reichsmark. Revision 25 adjudication: Austria adopts existing Reichsmark in 1938; no Reichsmark founding ancestry from Austrian schilling. |
| German mark — 1871–1948 continuity → Austrian schilling — postwar currency R0292 | regional_branch 1945-12-21 | Postwar Austrian schillings replaced Reichsmarks at 1:1 under restricted exchange rules. One of two incoming monetary instruments; no exclusive single parent assigned. Revision 25 adjudication: Austria exits Reichsmark system into postwar schilling; nonexclusive occupation-money inputs remain open. |
| Austro-Hungarian krone → Czechoslovak koruna — 1919–1939 currency R0296 | regional_branch 1919 | Czechoslovak currency separated from the Austro-Hungarian crown through the 1919 reform. Stamping occurred in March; national koruna legislation followed. No confiscated/blocked holdings treated as freely convertible cash. |
| Czechoslovak koruna — 1919–1939 currency → Bohemian and Moravian / Protectorate koruna R0297 | regional_branch 1939 | The Protectorate retained the inherited Czechoslovak koruna locally after the 1939 territorial partition. Article 10 retained koruna payments and article 12 existing law; subsequent Protectorate budgets and claims remained koruna-denominated within the distinct occupation monetary regime. |
| Czechoslovak koruna — 1919–1939 currency → Slovak koruna — 1939–1945 currency R0298 | regional_branch 1939-04-04 | Slovakia established its own koruna in place of the Czechoslovak currency. |
| Bohemian and Moravian / Protectorate koruna → Czechoslovak koruna — postwar currency R0299 | replacement 1945-11-01 | Czech and Slovak monetary areas were reunified into the Czechoslovak koruna at 1:1. Parity of monetary units; unrestricted conversion of all cash or deposits is not implied. |
| Slovak koruna — 1939–1945 currency → Czechoslovak koruna — postwar currency R0300 | replacement 1945-11-01 | The wartime Slovak koruna joined the restored Czechoslovak currency at 1:1. |
| Czechoslovak koruna — postwar currency → Czech koruna — 1993 currency R0302 | regional_branch 1993-02-08 | Czech korunas replaced Czechoslovak korunas at par. |
| Czechoslovak koruna — postwar currency → Slovak koruna — 1993 currency R0303 | regional_branch 1993-02-08 | Slovak korunas replaced Czechoslovak korunas at par. |
| Greek phoenix → Modern Greek drachma — 1833 to euro continuity R0307 | replacement 1833 | Otto’s decree replaced the phoenix with the drachma. |
| Pound sterling → Irish pound — modern currency R0311 | regional_branch 1927–1928 | The1927Saorstat pound established a local account unit; future domestic contracts defaulted to its legal currency while prior sterling obligations were not universally converted. |
| Prussian thaler — nineteenth-century unit → German mark — 1871–1948 continuity R0318 | replacement 1873-07-09 | Prussian thalers entered the imperial mark at three marks per thaler. Conversion framework; not an instantaneous withdrawal of every coin. |
| South German florin — nineteenth-century unit → German mark — 1871–1948 continuity R0319 | replacement 1873-07-09 | South German florins entered at twelve marks per seven florins. Exact rational stated in prose; no rounded decimal valuation. |
| German mark — 1871–1948 continuity → Deutsche Mark R0325 | regional_branch 1948-06-21 | Deutsche Mark displaced Reichsmark in western Germany under differentiated conversion rules. No universal 10:1 factor; ongoing payments and financial holdings received different treatment. Revision 25 adjudication: Western Deutsche Mark separates from Reichsmark area under differentiated holdings/payments conversion. |
| German mark — 1871–1948 continuity → East German mark — 1948 currency and later names R0328 | regional_branch 1948 | June24,1948 eastern monetary reform converted Reichsmark-system balances under differentiated statutory ratios. |
| East German mark — 1948 currency and later names → Deutsche Mark R0329 | absorption 1990-07-01 | East Germany adopted Deutsche Mark; wages and savings followed different conversion rules. No blanket 1:1 or 2:1 valuation. Revision 25 adjudication: East German mark enters already existing Deutsche Mark in 1990; differentiated rates retained. |
| Austro-Hungarian krone → Post-imperial crown circulating in the South Slav kingdom R0344 | regional_branch 1919–1920 | Inherited crown accounting continued within the separated SouthSlav monetary area. |
| Post-imperial crown circulating in the South Slav kingdom → Serbian and Kingdom Yugoslav dinar — account continuity R0345 | absorption 1920–1923 | Crown accounting was absorbed into retained dinar accounting through1920–1923unification. |
| Serbian and Kingdom Yugoslav dinar — account continuity → Serbian dinar — occupation-era currency R0346 | regional_branch 1941 | Occupied Serbia acquired a separate Serbian dinar after Yugoslavia’s partition. This was one of several occupation monetary areas. |
| Serbian dinar — occupation-era currency → Postwar Yugoslav dinar — before successor separations R0347 | replacement 1945 | The DFJ dinar replaced Serbian occupation dinars in the 1945 monetary unification. The April rates law valued 100 occupation Serbian dinars at 5 DFJ dinars and applied conversion to wartime obligations; prewar Yugoslav obligations were treated separately. |
| Postwar Yugoslav dinar — before successor separations → Federal Yugoslav / Serbian dinar — successor continuity R0350 | regional_branch 1992-07-01 | Federal Yugoslavia introduced a dinar scale worth ten preceding dinars. Successor territorial branch after other republics separated. |
| Postwar Yugoslav dinar — before successor separations → Macedonian denar — national continuity R0355 | regional_branch 1992-04-26 | Macedonia replaced the Yugoslav dinar with its denar at par. |
| Pound sterling → Tongan pound R0361 | regional_branch 1935–1936 | The Tongan local pound branched from the earlier sterling reckoning,with a separate legally administered exchange regime established in1935–1936. |
| Tongan pound → Tongan paʻanga R0362 | replacement 1967-04-03 | One Tongan pound converted to two paʻanga. |
| New Zealand pound → Samoan tālā R0364 | replacement 1967 | In Samoa,the New Zealand-pound account unit,locally called Western Samoan pound,was converted to tala at2tala per pound on10July1967. |
| Jamaican dollar → Cayman Islands dollar R0366 | regional_branch 1972-05-01 | Cayman currency replaced Jamaican dollars at equal unit value during the 1972 changeover. Jamaican cash retained legal tender through 31 August. Revision 25 adjudication: Cayman unit separates from Jamaican dollar locally; Jamaican tender overlap to August is explicit. |
| Australian dollar → Papua New Guinean kina R0367 | regional_branch 1975-04-19 | The kina succeeded Australian dollars in Papua New Guinea. Both circulated through 1975; Australian-dollar legal tender ended on 1 January 1976. Traditional shell names are a separate naming history. Revision 25 adjudication: Kina branches locally from AUD with overlap until 1976; shell name is not an ancestry parent. |
| South African pound → South African rand — origin and Namibia context R0369 | replacement 1961-02-14 | South Africa replaced its pound with two rand per pound. |
| South African rand — origin and Namibia context → Botswana pula R0370 | regional_branch 1976-08-23 | Botswana introduced the pula in exchange for the rand at par. The initial guaranteed exchange window lasted 100 days. Revision 25 adjudication: Botswana separates from rand system through documented 100 day exchange window. |
| South African rand — origin and Namibia context → Swazi lilangeni R0371 | regional_branch 1974-09-06 | The lilangeni became local money alongside the rand, with equal value and a programme to return rand cash. This was a local-currency succession with continuing co-circulation, not immediate extinction of rand use. |
| South African rand — origin and Namibia context → Lesotho loti R0372 | regional_branch 1980-01 | Lesotho introduced the loti at par with the previously circulating rand. Rand legal tender continued; month precision retained alongside the earlier IMF dossier. |
| South African rand — origin and Namibia context → Namibia dollar R0373 | regional_branch 1993-09-15 | Namibia introduced its dollar at par with the previously circulating rand. Rand remained legal tender alongside the new local currency. |
| Mexican peso → Straits / Malayan / Malaya–British Borneo dollar R0377 | replacement 1903–1906 | The locally used Mexican-dollar reckoning differentiated into the Straits dollar through the1903–1906 reform: Mexican dollars were the1890 standard within existing commercial dollar accounts; local dollars replaced them and obtained an independent exchange value. |
| Indian rupee → Pakistani rupee R0383 | regional_branch 1947–1948 | Pakistan initially used Indian notes and then modified and national rupee issues. A phased territorial separation; no change in rupee face-unit inferred from the redesign. |
| Pakistani rupee → Bangladeshi taka R0384 | regional_branch 1972 | Bangladesh’s taka succeeded the Pakistani rupee at equal unit value. Year precision distinguishes the accounting transition from first national banknote issue. Revision 25 adjudication: Bangladesh separates from Pakistani unit at equal value; year precision avoids cash/account conflation. |
| Indian rupee → Kuwaiti dinar R0386 | replacement 1961-04-01 | Kuwait’s dinar replaced the circulating Gulf rupee. CBK calls the predecessor Indian rupee; Bundesbank identifies the external Gulf issue. One rupee converted to 0.075 dinar; inverse is not rounded. |
| Indian rupee → Bahraini dinar R0387 | replacement 1965-10-16 | Ten Gulf rupees converted to one Bahraini dinar. |
| Qatar and Dubai riyal → Qatari riyal R0390 | regional_branch 1973-05 | Qatar continued with a separate riyal at par after the joint issue ended. |
| Qatar and Dubai riyal → UAE dirham R0391 | replacement 1973-05 | Qatar–Dubai riyals converted into UAE dirhams at par. The non-Abu Dhabi branch; day precision remains unresolved. |
| Bahraini dinar → UAE dirham R0392 | replacement 1973-05 | Abu Dhabi converted Bahraini dinars into ten UAE dirhams each. Territorial adoption, not replacement of Bahrain’s currency in Bahrain. |
| Indian rupee → Omani rial — Saidi and Omani naming stages R0393 | replacement 1970-05-07 | Oman replaced Gulf rupees with the rial Saidi. 100 Gulf rupees converted to 7.5 rials; other circulating coin inputs remain open. |
| East African shilling → Ugandan shilling R0409 | regional_branch 1966–1967 | Ugandan shilling issues succeeded the East African Currency Board currency. The national-note history and separate coin timeline differ in milestone dates; retain the 1966–1967 interval. The 1987 confiscatory reform remains a continuity event requiring fuller scope. |
| United States dollar → Dominican peso R0412 | replacement 1948 | Law1528 expressly transforms existing USD obligations andbankdeposits intoDominicanpesos inphase2 beginning1February1948, while preserving1937subsidiarycoins. |
| Nicaraguan córdoba — 1912 unit, including 1988 scale → Córdoba oro R0418 | replacement 1990–1991 | The córdoba oro supplemented and then replaced the 1988 córdoba. Introduced as an account unit and later cash in 1990; floated against the prior córdoba until March 1991. No constant transition ratio asserted. |
| Brazilian real (réis) → Brazilian cruzeiro — 1942 currency R0420 | replacement 1942-11-01 | Brazilian real (réis) converted into Cruzeiro at 1000 old units per new unit. |
| Brazilian cruzeiro — 1942 currency → Brazilian cruzado / cruzeiro — 1986–1994 continuity R0422 | replacement 1986-02-28 | Cruzeiro novo / cruzeiro converted into Cruzado at 1000 old units per new unit. |
| Brazilian cruzado / cruzeiro — 1986–1994 continuity → Brazilian real R0425 | replacement 1994-07-01 | Cruzeiro real converted into Brazilian real at 2750 old units per new unit. |
| Portuguese real → Portuguese escudo R0428 | replacement 1911-05-22 | Portugal established the escudo at one thousand réis per escudo. |
| Argentine peso — 1881–1985 continuity → Austral R0431 | replacement 1985-06-15 | Peso argentino converted into Austral at 1000 old units per new unit. |
| Austral → Argentine peso R0432 | replacement 1992-01-01 | Austral converted into Argentine peso at 10000 old units per new unit. |
| Chilean peso → Chilean escudo R0433 | replacement 1960-01-01 | Chilean peso converted into Chilean escudo at 1000 old units per new unit. Country-specific currency-history entry. Cash introduction and accounting implementation can differ; earlier unit inputs remain open. |
| Chilean escudo → Chilean peso R0434 | replacement 1975-09-29 | Chilean escudo converted into Chilean peso at 1000 old units per new unit. Country-specific currency-history entry. Cash introduction and accounting implementation can differ; earlier unit inputs remain open. |
| Boliviano → Peso boliviano R0435 | replacement 1963-01-01 | Boliviano converted into Peso boliviano at 1000 old units per new unit. Country-specific currency-history entry. Cash introduction and accounting implementation can differ; earlier unit inputs remain open. |
| Peso boliviano → Boliviano R0436 | replacement 1987-01-01 | Peso boliviano converted into Boliviano at 1000000 old units per new unit. Country-specific currency-history entry. Cash introduction and accounting implementation can differ; earlier unit inputs remain open. |
| Sol de oro → Inti R0437 | replacement 1985-02-01 | Sol de oro converted into Inti at 1000 old units per new unit. Country-specific currency-history entry. Cash introduction and accounting implementation can differ; earlier unit inputs remain open. |
| Inti → Peruvian sol R0438 | replacement 1991-07-01 | Inti converted into Peruvian sol at 1000000 old units per new unit. Country-specific currency-history entry. Cash introduction and accounting implementation can differ; earlier unit inputs remain open. |
| Frankish denier–livre reckoning → Livre tournois R-V19-REG-01 | regional_branch 794–1204: broad research envelope, not a dated founding or completed local sequence | Compressed regional ancestry; intervening local account-unit stages unresolved. Upper bound is a documentary reference horizon, not a currency creation date. |
| Frankish denier–livre reckoning → Livre parisis R-V19-REG-02 | regional_branch 794–1204: broad research envelope, not a dated founding or completed local sequence | Compressed regional ancestry; intervening local account-unit stages unresolved. Upper bound is a documentary reference horizon, not a currency creation date. |
| Albanian gold franc / frang → Albanian lek R-V22-001 | replacement 1947 | The July 1947 law replaced the Albanian frang with the lek as the monetary unit. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Armenian dram R-V22-002 | regional_branch 1993 | Armenia introduced the dram against the Soviet rubles circulating locally in November 1993; some Soviet notes remained temporarily valid. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Azerbaijani manat R-V22-003 | regional_branch 1992–1994 | Azerbaijan introduced the manat alongside rubles in August 1992, prescribing ten rubles per manat in settlements; the manat became sole tender in 1994. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Georgian coupon → Georgian lari R-V22-004 | replacement 1995 | Georgia replaced its coupon unit with the lari in 1995. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Moldovan cupon → Moldovan leu R-V22-005 | replacement 1993 | Moldovan lei replaced the temporary cupon currency in 1993. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Uzbekistani sum-coupon → Uzbekistani sum R-V22-006 | replacement 1994 | The Uzbek sum replaced the interim sum-coupon as the official currency in July 1994. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Ukrainian karbovanets → Ukrainian hryvnia R-V22-007 | replacement 1996 | The hryvnia replaced the karbovanets as Ukraine’s official currency in September 1996. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Danish rigsdaler → Danish krone R-V22-008 | replacement 1873–1875 | Danish legislation changed the account unit from rigsdaler to krone; new gold coins became tender in 1874 and the accounting conversion followed in 1875. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Norwegian speciedaler → Norwegian krone R-V22-009 | replacement 1875 | Norway’s 1875 Money Act replaced the speciedaler and skilling system with kroner and øre. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| South Korean hwan → South Korean won R-V22-010 | replacement 1962 | Act1088 explicitly made won the unit of account from10June1962, at1won:10hwan, regulating outstanding hwan-denominated debts and deposits. |
| Palestine pound → Jordanian dinar R-V22-011 | regional_branch 1950 | Jordan’s dinar succeeded the locally circulating Palestine pound in 1950. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. Revision 25 adjudication: Jordan locally succeeds Palestine pound; the regional predecessor also has other territorial successors. |
| Israeli pound → Israeli new shekel R-V22-012 | replacement 1980 | Israel implemented the statutory change from the pound to the sheqel in February 1980. The 1985 new-sheqel rescaling stays within the sheqel profile. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Indian rupee → Iraqi dinar R-V22-013 | regional_branch 1932 | The Iraqi currency-board system succeeded Indian-rupee circulation, which the Central Bank dates through 1932. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. Revision 25 adjudication: Iraq dinar succeeds imported rupee locally; Indian currency survives outside Iraq. |
| Persian toman / dinar accounting — including qeran → Iranian rial R-V22-014 | replacement 1931–1932 | The currency law and 1932 rial notes replaced the official qerān–toman reckoning. Qerān-denominated obligations establish an account unit, not merely a coin type. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Sudanese pound → South Sudanese pound R-V22-015 | regional_branch 2011 | South Sudan introduced its pound in July 2011, replacing Sudanese pounds. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Zimbabwe dollar — restored 2019 currency → Zimbabwe Gold (ZiG), 2024 introduction R-V22-016 | replacement 2024 | Zimbabwe’s 2024 legal amendments introduced ZiG as the unit of account replacing Zimbabwe dollars, including conversion of existing balances. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Costa Rican peso → Costa Rican colón R-V22-017 | replacement 1896 | The1896monetary reform established the colón after Costa Rican peso accounting; the new unit subsequently denominated bank capital under1900law. |
| Paraguayan peso fuerte → Paraguayan guaraní R-V22-018 | replacement 1943 | The guaraní law replaced the peso fuerte monetary unit in 1943. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Hungarian pengő → Hungarian forint R-V22-019 | replacement 1946 | Hungary’s 1946 stabilization replaced the pengő with the forint. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Polish mark → Polish złoty R-V22-020 | replacement 1924 | 1924regulation converted covered private-law claims payable inPolishmarks intozlotys under a datedvaluation scale. |
| Mozambican escudo → Mozambican metical R-V22-021 | replacement 1980 | The metical replaced the escudo circulating in Mozambique in June 1980. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Angolan escudo → Angolan kwanza R-V22-022 | replacement 1977 | Angolan escudo → kwanza, 1977. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Curaçao / Antillean / Caribbean guilder → Aruban florin R-V22-023 | regional_branch 1986 | Antillean guilder → Aruban florin, 1986. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar → Bosnian convertible mark R-V22-024 | replacement 1997–1998 | Bosnian dinar → convertible mark, 1997–1998. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Indian rupee → Bhutanese ngultrum R-V22-025 | regional_branch 1974 | Indian rupee → ngultrum, 1974. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Belarusian ruble R-V22-026 | regional_branch 1992–1994 | The Belarusian account rubel separated from the inherited ruble zone during 1992–1994. IMF chronology identifies a national noncash rubel in July 1992; the 1994 finance instruction concerns denomination of its assets and liabilities. |
| Ethiopian birr → Eritrean nakfa R-V22-027 | regional_branch 1997 | Ethiopian birr → nakfa, 1997. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Kyrgyzstani som R-V22-028 | regional_branch 1993 | Ruble-zone currency → Kyrgyz som, 1993. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Kazakhstani tenge R-V22-029 | regional_branch 1993 | Kazakhstan replaced inherited ruble currency with the tenge in November 1993: Decree 1399 establishes payments and deposits in tenge; Decree 1400 orders the outgoing ruble notes exchanged for it. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Turkmen manat R-V22-030 | regional_branch 1993 | Russian ruble → Turkmen manat, 1993. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Tajikistani ruble → Tajikistani somoni R-V22-031 | replacement 2000 | Tajikistani ruble → somoni, 2000. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Egyptian pound → Libyan dinar R-V22-032 | replacement 1952 | Libya’s Currency Law expressly converts existing Cyrenaican Egyptian-pound obligations into Libyan pounds; the 11 March 1952 announcement supplies 97.5 Egyptian piastres per Libyan pound. |
| Afghan rupee — Kabuli account unit → Afghan afghani R-V22-034 | replacement 1925–1926 | The afghani standards introduced in 1925–1926 replaced Kabuli-rupee reckoning. Later afghani rescalings remain within the modern currency profile. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Mauritian rupee → Seychellois rupee R-V22-035 | regional_branch 1914–1947 | Seychelles developed its local rupee accounting from the inherited Mauritian rupee system: local issue began1914, sterling-based rules replaced earlier redemption rules in1936, and Mauritian instruments largely ceased locally in1947. |
| Indian rupee → Ceylon / Sri Lankan rupee R-V22-036 | regional_branch 1872–1949 | The Ceylon rupee developed from local Indian-rupee accounting: public accounts used rupees and cents from1872; an independent Ceylon rupee subsequently separated from INR, with the link explicitly severed in1949. |
| Republic of China yuan — mainland continuity → Mongolian tögrög R-V22-037 | replacement 1925–1927 | Mongolian yanchaan accounting was displaced by togrog in institutional budgets, financial statements, tax returns and prices by1927. |
| São Tomé escudo → São Tomé dobra R-V22-038 | replacement 1976–1977 | Decree-law 23/76 governed the transition from the São Tomé escudo to the dobra, whose first series circulated in 1977. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Japanese yen → Taiwan dollar R-V22-039 | replacement 1946 | Taiwan dollars replaced Taiwanese yen in May 1946. The 1949 dollar rescaling belongs to the same Taiwan-dollar profile. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Venezolano → Venezuelan bolívar R-V22-040 | replacement 1879 | Venezuela’s 1879 reform established the bolívar as monetary unit after the venezolano introduced in 1871. Later bolívar scales remain within the modern profile. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| East African shilling → Somali shilling R-V22-041 | replacement 1961 | East African-shilling obligations payable in the Somali Republic were converted at parity into Somali shillings in1961,with accounting records required in that unit. |
| Syrian pound → Lebanese pound R-V22-042 | regional_branch 1937–1948 | Lebanon’s pound branches from the common Syrian-Lebanese monetary unit: the 1937 agreement separated currencies, while 1948 agreements and withdrawal ended their effective interchangeability. |
| Egyptian pound → Syrian pound R-V22-043 | replacement 1920–1924 | The new Syrian-Lebanese currency replaced the Egyptian currency used under the postwar occupation. The common unit is documented from 1920 and formalized in the 1924 concession. |
| East African shilling → Ethiopian birr R-V22-044 | replacement 1945 | Ethiopia’s 1945 birr/dollar system followed the East African shilling, the preceding official money of account and legal tender. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Danish krone → Icelandic króna R-V22-045 | regional_branch 1922 | The Icelandic króna became a separate currency when Iceland exited its monetary union with Denmark in1922. This documents regional monetary succession; earlier local note issues are not treated as separate currency creation. |
| Riau Islands rupiah → Indonesian rupiah R-V22-046 | absorption 1964 | Riau payroll and pensions switched fromKR to ordinary IndonesianRp in1964; pre-existing KR payment/deduction obligations required a ministerial settlement procedure. |
| Jinan yuan → Renminbi R-V22-047 | replacement 1948–1950 | Jinan Bank currency was withdrawn into the first renminbi issue from December 1948 through spring 1950. This documents one named regional input. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Pound sterling → Saint Helena pound R-V22-048 | regional_branch 1975–1976 | CurrencyOrdinance§8 converted covered UKcurrency obligations and statutory references to equivalent local StHelenacurrency, with overseas-payment exception. |
| South Arabian / South Yemeni dinar → Yemeni rial R-V22-049 | absorption 1990–1996 | South Yemeni dinar → Yemeni rial; shared tender from 1990, final exchange in 1996. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. Revision 25 adjudication: South Yemeni dinar joins existing northern rial through 1990–1996 co-tender and final exchange. |
| South Vietnamese đồng → Vietnamese đồng R-V22-050 | replacement 1978 | Decision87-CP converted southern deposits, capital accounts, wages, pensions and prices into nationwide dong at0.80southern dong to1newdong, while northern dong converted1:1. |
| Calcutta sicca rupee → Indian rupee R-V22-051 | replacement 1835–1838 | Sicca obligations passed into Company-rupee accounting: the1835 Act governs contractual discharge, and the court follows an actual converted rent through the change. The1838 tender endpoint does not erase statutory exceptions. |
| Honduran real / peso → Honduran lempira R-V22-052 | replacement 1926–1931 | Original tradeaccountresearch explicitly identifiesHonduranpeso as unitreplaced bylempira under1926decree102, withcirculationin1931. |
| Swedish riksdaler specie → Swedish krona R-V22-053 | regional_branch 1789 | Edvinsson distinguishes riksdaler specie from the riksgälds unit emerging in 1789, and groups riksgälds, riksmynt and krona in one continuing unit. This supports a qualified branch from specie, rather than an invented new currency at every name change. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Indian rupee → Myanmar kyat R-V22-054 | regional_branch 1937–1947 | Burma differentiated its rupee from the Indian rupee system: the1937 arrangement retained INR linkage and RBI management; the1946 currency law established local rupee accounting, and the currency board assumed prior liabilities in1947. |
| Malagasy franc — earlier Madagascar–Comoros regional phase → Comorian franc R0229 | regional_branch 1962–1963 | Comorian reckoning continues the earlier Madagascar–Comoros regional franc after the two territories become distinct legal-tender areas. |
| French Somaliland CFA franc → Djiboutian franc R0234 | regional_branch 1949 | The1949 law converts resident CFA accounts and obligations into the newly established Djibouti franc. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → CFP franc R0396 | regional_branch 1945-12-26 | The Pacific franc separates from the metropolitan-franc monetary system in the same reform. |
| CFP franc → Vanuatu vatu / New Hebrides franc R0397 | regional_branch 1945–1967 | New Hebrides franc issues continue the Pacific-franc system established in 1945, with IEOM issuance from 1967. This is a regional issue lineage; the date of separate exchange arrangements is not claimed. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → Malagasy franc — earlier Madagascar–Comoros regional phase R0398 | regional_branch 1945 | The territorial Malagasy franc separated from metropolitan-franc reckoning in the1945 regional reform. |
| Pound sterling → Falkland Islands pound R0407 | regional_branch 1987–1990 | The Currency Ordinance defines the Falkland Islands pound and substitutes that local currency into sterling-denominated local obligations and enactments. This establishes the sterling relationship; the earlier independent-unit boundary is not dated by the 1899 note issue. |
| Indian rupee → Mauritian rupee R0408 | regional_branch 1877–1934 | Mauritius adopted the Indian rupee at par effective1January1877, replacing its earlier dollar at two rupees per dollar; local rupee accounting later separated its anchor from India in1934. |
| Zurich gulden account unit → Swiss franc R-V23-001 | replacement 1851–1852 | Zurich legislation converted Zurich-gulden money contracts into federal Swiss francs at one gulden to 2⅓ francs. The legislative act dates from 28 January 1851; implementation is scoped to the 1851–1852 federal reform. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Eastern Swiss Reichswährung gulden (contract unit) → Swiss franc R-V23-002 | replacement 1851–1852 | The 1851 Zurich law converted contracts labelled Reichswährung, including Schaffhausen, Thurgau and St. Gall currency, into federal francs through a separate statutory rate. The legislative act dates from 28 January 1851; implementation is scoped to the 1851–1852 federal reform. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Helvetic franc, 1799 → Swiss franc R-V23-003 | replacement 1851–1852 | Section 3 converted old Swiss-franc contracts at sixteen old francs to ten Zurich gulden, then to federal francs. The legislative act dates from 28 January 1851; implementation is scoped to the 1851–1852 federal reform. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Pound sterling → Hong Kong dollar R-V23-004 | absorption 1864 | Hong Kong law converted specified public sterling payments into dollar payments at 4s2d per dollar from 16 February 1864. Assignment to the later distinct Hong Kong dollar is a qualified regional-continuity inference. This is a public-account contribution, not its sole founding ancestry. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. Revision 25 adjudication: 1864 sterling public payments enter dollar accounting already locally developing; contributing absorption, not sole HKDfounding. |
| Mexican peso → Hong Kong dollar R0376 | regional_branch 1863–1866 | Hong Kong’s locally issued dollar system developed within accounting legally denominated by reference to the Mexican dollar; the 1864 law makes local cents and mils fractions of that dollar and converts public sterling obligations into it. Qualified local differentiation; compresses development into a territorial unit. No exact date of separate currency identity is inferred from the first local coin issue. Supersedes standard-only treatment of the existing MXN reference, rather than adding duplicate edge. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Mexican peso → Philippine peso, twentieth-century reform lineage R-V23-006 | absorption 1904 | Act 1045 made obligations in Mexican local currency enforceable as Philippine-peso judgments, allowed settlement in Philippine pesos, and extinguished the old obligation upon payment. Partial input to a multiple-currency replacement. The conversion was adjudicated by value, not a universal 1:1 exchange. Do not infer merely from purchase of Mexican silver as bullion. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. Revision 25 adjudication: 1904 Mexican obligations convert into 1903 Philippine unit; later account absorption, not unit founding. |
| Dutch guilder (euro predecessor) → Curaçao / Antillean / Caribbean guilder R-V23-007 | regional_branch 1937–1943 | Archivalresearch documentsDutch-to-Curaçaounit separation culminatinginroyalapproval17October1942 andthe1943regulation, followingearlierdisputes. |
| Portuguese real → Cape Verdean escudo R-V23-008 | regional_branch 1853–1865 | Cabo Verde’s real/escudo continuity is provisionally traced to regional differentiation from Portuguese-real accounting during 1853–1865. Local currency arrangements and issues support this qualified branch; the exact account-law boundary remains open. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Mexican peso → Macao pataca R-V23-009 | regional_branch 1894–1906 | Macao pataca accounting was explicitly established as one Mexican dollar per pataca in1894; the subsequent local currency adopted that accounting unit. |
| Korean yen / won before the North–South currency separation → North Korean won R-V23-011 | regional_branch 1947 | December1947 reform established northern money as sole unlimited public/private settlement medium, converted prior common-unit instruments at par and regulated existing deposits and debts. |
| Royal / Vientiane kip → Lao kip R-V23-012 | absorption 1976 | In June 1976 the Vientiane kip was withdrawn in favour of the separately circulating Liberation kip, at 20:1; the Liberation kip belongs to the modern Lao kip continuity despite its 1979 rescaling. No precise 1976 day asserted. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. Revision 25 adjudication: Royal kip is absorbed into already separately circulating Liberation kip in 1976; modern kip is not founded then. |
| Indochinese piastre → Royal / Vientiane kip R-V23-013 | regional_branch 1955 | The royal Lao kip replaced the shared Indochinese piastre as legal tender for payments in May 1955. National separation, not mere local banknote design; exact conversion rate not needed or asserted. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Indochinese piastre → Cambodian riel before abolition R-V23-014 | regional_branch 1955 | The Cambodian riel replaced the shared Indochinese piastre in 1955, ending the common monetary arrangement. Applies to pre-abolition riel; not a direct uninterrupted edge to 1980 currency. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Ceylon / Sri Lankan rupee → Maldivian rufiyaa R-V23-016 | regional_branch 1947 | The Maldivian rupee, later called rufiyaa, replaced the Ceylonese rupee in 1947. No exact conversion rate or exclusive currency use asserted; local coin and larin history remains open. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → United States dollar R0035 | regional_branch 1784–1792 | The federal dollar formalized Spanish-dollar reckoning already used for public debts and requisitions, culminating in mandatory federal dollar accounts. This is an account-unit branch, not merely a borrowed coin standard. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Colombian peso R-V23-018 | regional_branch 1819–1821 | Colombian peso/real reckoning continued the inherited Spanish-American monetary system, with the 1821 Congress ordering return to its eight-real silver peso. This is a qualified regional branch; local wartime stages and incomplete implementation remain open. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Colombian peso → Panamanian balboa R-V23-019 | replacement 1904 | Panama's balboa system established in1904succeeded the locally circulating Colombian silver-peso monetary system. |
| Cuban peso oro español — local Spanish-gold accounting → Cuban peso R-V23-020 | replacement 1914–1916 | Cuba’s national peso replaced local Spanish-gold peso accounting through the 1914–1916 monetary reform. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Mexican peso R0033 | regional_branch 1821–1823 | Independent Mexico retained Spanish peso/real reckoning while developing its own monetary system. A qualified territorial continuity based on the retained accounting system; contemporary fiscal law is still sought. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Salvadoran colón R-V23-022 | regional_branch 1821–1841 | The nascent Salvadoran republic inherited the Spanish real system, including its multiples and subdivisions, through independence and the Central American federation. |
| Nepalese 16-ganda paisa rupee → Nepalese rupee R-V24-001 | absorption 1901–1908 | The concurrent16-ganda paisa-rupee account was abolished during the reported nationwide consolidation into mohar-rupee accounting. |
| Dutch lion-dollar trade account unit → Turkish lira R-V24-002 | absorption 1690 | Retain Dutch esedi influence as a later contribution to an existing Ottoman system, not its founding parent. |
| Dutch lion-dollar trade account unit → Romanian leu R-V24-003 | regional_branch 1700–1800 | Regional leu accounting continued the lion-thaler convention after the trade coin receded. This qualified branch compresses regional differentiation and later Ottoman influence; it does not equate every local leu with Dutch or Ottoman money. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Turkish lira → Saudi riyal R-V24-004 | regional_branch 1928–1936 | The Hejazi Saudi account system adapted Ottoman theoretical gold-piastre reckoning in 1928. The March 1936 finance instructions explicitly superseded that gold-piastre revenue unit with Saudi piastres, doubling stated revenue amounts. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Haitian gourde R-V24-005 | regional_branch 1808–1813 | National gourde reckoning in Pétion’s republic developed from the Spanish gourde/peso rated in local law. The 1811–1813 laws combine national denomination, commercial acceptance, tax accounts and treasury conversion. The regional identity grouping is qualified; northern Haiti and French-livre inputs remain open. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Uruguayan peso R-V24-006 | regional_branch 1828–1831 | The Uruguayan peso corriente developed as a regional branch of inherited Spanish-American peso accounting amid Portuguese, Brazilian and local monetary changes. Official history identifies inherited reckoning and original research documents an independent eight-real account unit. Intervening regional stages remain qualified. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Brazilian real (réis) → Uruguayan peso R-V24-007 | absorption 1831 | The 1831 reform converted obligations and deposits payable in Brazilian copper into the local Uruguayan monetary system. Attribution to the Brazilian real is a qualified contributing account-conversion input, not an exclusive founding parent or a claim that circulated coins alone create ancestry. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. Revision 25 adjudication: 1831 Brazilian-copper obligations enter already existing Uruguayan account unit; nonexclusive later input. |
| Dutch guilder (euro predecessor) → Surinamese guilder R-V25-001 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1940 | The Surinamese guilder separated from the Netherlands monetary system in1940, beginning local monetary autonomy. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Buenos Aires peso moneda corriente R-V25-002 | founding_ancestry 1822–1826 | The Buenos Aires local peso branch developed from inherited Spanish-American peso reckoning as local bank money became the contractual currency. Compressed local sequence; not a claim that every Argentine province adopted this unit. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Buenos Aires peso moneda corriente → Argentine peso — 1881–1985 continuity R-V25-003 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1881–1883 | 1881law mandatesnationalunit contracts andconversionofexistingobligations; localbank emissions mustrenew inmoneda nacional withintwoyears. BuenosAirespeso isone localinput. |
| Roman-Egyptian drachma and talent reckoning → Roman as–denarius–sestertius accounting R-V25-004 | later_unification_or_absorption 296–351 | Bagnall establishes continued drachma accounting for denarius payments after 296, at four drachmas per denarius. This supports local accounting integration, while a single universal conversion or origin of Roman currency remains unproved. |
| Portuguese escudo → Mozambican escudo R-V25-005 | regional_branch 1911–1914 | 1913law mandates metropolitan-system publicaccounts from1914 and equivalents in private documents; territorialescudo adoption is explicit. |
| Portuguese escudo → São Tomé escudo R-V25-006 | regional_branch 1911–1914 | 1913law mandates metropolitan-system publicaccounts from1914 and equivalents in private documents; territorialescudo adoption is explicit. |
| Southern Rhodesian / Central African pound — including federal currency → Malawi pound R-V25-007 | regional_branch 1964–1965 | Federal pound survived1963dissolution;1964–1965nationalcurrency transition divided federal monetary assets/liabilities as oldmoney withdrawn. |
| Southern Rhodesian / Central African pound — including federal currency → Zambian pound R-V25-008 | regional_branch 1964–1965 | Federal pound survived1963dissolution;1964–1965nationalcurrency transition divided federal monetary assets/liabilities as oldmoney withdrawn. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → CFA franc (BCEAO) R-V25-009 | regional_branch 1945 | The western territorial CFA lineage branches from metropolitan-franc reckoning in1945 and continues through later union institutions. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → CFA franc (BEAC) R-V25-010 | regional_branch 1945 | The central territorial CFA lineage branches from metropolitan-franc reckoning in1945 and continues through later union institutions. |
| United States dollar → Zimbabwe dollar — restored 2019 currency R-V25-011 | regional_branch 2019 | United States dollar local Zimbabwe obligations and USD RTGS balances converted to RTGS dollar. Scope expressly excludes protected foreign-currency accounts and foreign loans/obligations. Treat as local account succession, not ancestry of all USD contracts everywhere. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Sudanese dinar → Sudanese pound R-V22-033 | replacement 2007 | Principal Sudanese dinar to new Sudanese pound replacement, verified by converted deposits, credit and central-bank accounts. Add January account/currency introduction and phased withdrawal observations; do not treat inherited July table date as the only start event. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Sudanese pound before the dinar → Sudanese dinar R-V25-013 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1992–1999 | The Sudanese dinar succeeded the Sudanese pound at ten pounds per dinar. The 2002 Act expressly defines the dinar as the unit; the 1992 note introduction and July 1999 IFS unit/reporting milestone must remain separate. |
| Egyptian pound → Sudanese pound before the dinar R-V25-014 | regional_branch 1957 | Sudan replaced Egyptian currency with its own pound in 1957 at parity; the Currency Board exchanged Egyptian notes from 8 April to 7 July and subsequently coins, assuming the earlier government coin liability. |
| Congolese franc, pre-1967 → Zaire — 1967 and 1993 unit scales R-V25-015 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1967 | Congolese franc principal account unit replaced by zaire principal unit in1967. Existing zaire node continues through later scale phases; no merger with franc required. Only this local transition is asserted; other inputs and earlier stages may remain untraced. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Finnish markka — 1860 to euro continuity R0304 | regional_branch 1860–1863 | Finland introduced the markka as one quarter of a silver ruble in 1860, replacing rubles in accounts and transactions from 1863. A staged unit derivation within the Russian Empire, not instantaneous withdrawal of every Russian coin. Revision 25 adjudication: Finnish markka arises within ruble accounts, not just a silver peg; qualified staged regional derivation merits main ancestry. |
| Pound sterling → Maltese pound / lira R0312 | regional_branch 1949–1968 | Malta pound developed from sterling into an independently legislated local account currency by1968;1972decimalization retained that principal unit. |
| Pound sterling → Cypriot pound R0314 | regional_branch 1879–1949 | Cyprus currency inherited sterling reckoning; by1949 domestic contracts and statutory shilling references were explicitly construed in local legalcurrency and Cyprusshillings. |
| Pound sterling → Australian pound R0358 | regional_branch 1929–1936 | Australian pound separated from the common sterling account system during1929–1936monetary breakup; earlier local sterling use and notes are continuity observations. |
| Pound sterling → New Zealand pound R0359 | regional_branch 1933–1935 | 1933legislation established distinctive NZcurrency and default local contract denomination, with redemption of earlier local notes into new legalcurrency. |
| Pound sterling → Fiji pound R0360 | regional_branch 1929–1933 | Fiji developed a separate local pound from sterling during1929–1933;1933 legislation placed local monetary obligations on their own sterling-exchange basis. |
| Pound sterling → Jamaican pound R0365 | regional_branch 1840-12-31 | Jamaica adopted British currency as the basis of its pound system. Spanish doubloons remained a legal-tender exception until 1901. Revision 25 adjudication: Jamaica adopts British currency as local system basis; doubloon exception makes lineage nonexclusive. |
| Pound sterling → South African pound R0368 | regional_branch 1914–1925 | SouthAfricanlocal pound reckoning developed from Britishsterling account andredemption practices into a separatelyidentified monetaryunit duringthe wartime/postwar transition; byJanuary1925commissioners explicitly distinguishedtheSouthAfricanunit fromsterling. |
| United States dollar → Liberian dollar R-V23-010 | regional_branch 1839–1843 | The 1839 Commonwealth constitution adopted United States monetary standards; local dollar obligations and currency redemption are documented by 1843. This supports an earlier optional founding-unit reference, while a distinct USD-to-Liberian account transition remains unestablished. Revision 25 adjudication: 1839 USstandards adoption plus local dollar obligations and redemption by 1843 supports qualified Liberian regional branch. |
| Japanese silver monme / ginme accounting → Japanese ryō R-V26-001 | later_unification_or_absorption 1868 | Silver-account lending was forbidden and converted to gold/cash accounts, with gold-denominated government notes subsequently specified. Gold ryo reckoning thus received the silver account branch. Regional historical absorption, not founding unit of ryo. |
| Japanese silver monme / ginme accounting → Japanese mon R-V26-002 | later_unification_or_absorption 1868 | The same order explicitly permitted conversion of silver-denominated lending into cash reckoning at the transaction-date rate. Alternative local destination within monetary unification; do not imply every silver balance converted to mon. |
| Shanghai tael → Republic of China yuan — mainland continuity R-V26-003 | later_unification_or_absorption 1933 | Shanghai tael-based payments and contracts were replaced by Republic of China yuan accounting. Shanghai local absorption only; yuan already existed; do not infer all local taels abolished simultaneously. |
| Hyderabad Osmania / Hali sicca rupee → Indian rupee R-V26-004 | later_unification_or_absorption 1955 | Hyderabad local rupees were replaced by Indianrupees; the regional branch joins an already existing Indianunit. Does not assert that Indianrupee originated 1955. |
| Hamburg mark banco → German mark — 1871–1948 continuity R-V26-005 | later_unification_or_absorption 1873 | Existing merchant transfer accounting shifted to Reichsmark; later institutional absorption must not be called founding. |
| Dutch guilder (euro predecessor) → Amsterdam bank florin / bank guilder R-V26-006 | regional_branch 1641–1659 | Established florin obligations differentiated into current and bank accounting scopes; child date is emergence envelope, not bank foundation 1609. Parent profile includes qualified Dutch current-guilder continuity before 1680. |
| Nigerian pound → Biafran pound R-V26-007 | regional_branch 1968 | 1967decree retained Nigerianmoney; January1968replacement establishes Biafran monetarysuccession; actual1969oil obligation denominated in Biafranpounds independently establishes contractualidentity. |
| Congolese franc, pre-1967 → Katangese franc R-V26-008 | regional_branch 1960–1962 | Katanga separated its own franc unit from the Congolese monetary territory during1960–1962secession; the contemporary report explicitly records that unit's creation and its later return conversion. |
| European Currency Unit (ECU) → Euro — converging national replacements R-V26-009 | unification_input 1999 | Official ECU references in legal instruments were replaced by euro references at one euro per ECU from 1 January 1999. Existing C 642 retains the rebuttable presumption for undefined ECU references. |
| European unit of account (EUA) → European Currency Unit (ECU) R-V26-010 | later_unification_or_absorption 1981 | From 1 January 1981, specified ACP financial assistance and operations under previous conventions switched from EUA to ECU accounting. This is a sectoral absorption into the existing ECU, not proof of the final use of every EUA account. |
| Ecuadorian sucre → United States dollar R-V26-011 | later_unification_or_absorption 2000 | Ecuador implemented replacement of sucres by US dollars at 25,000 sucres per dollar during 2000. This local adoption and conversion joins the existing USD; it does not make the sucre a founding parent of USD. |
| Guinean franc, first unit → Guinean syli R-V27-001 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1972 | Effective2October1972,firstGuineanfranc closingbalances convert to syli at10:1. |
| Portuguese escudo → Guinea-Bissau peso R-V27-002 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1976 | InFebruary1976Guinea-Bissau replaced territorialescudo reckoning withits own newprincipalunit,peso. Scope isGuinea-Bissau,not a globalend ofPortugueseescudo. |
| Moroccan Hassani reckoning → Moroccan franc R-V27-003 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1920 | The1920protectoratereform replaced Hassani transactionreckoning byfrancpaper,with100Hassanipesetas exchangedfor200francs. |
| Nicaraguan peso → Nicaraguan córdoba — 1912 unit, including 1988 scale R0415 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1913 | Nicaragua converts laws, contracts, fees, fines and unspecified-money obligations from pesos to córdobas at1250:100. |
| Guatemalan peso → Guatemalan quetzal R0410 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1924–1926 | Guatemalan quetzal replaced the local peso accountunit in the monetary conversion implemented at60pesos perquetzal. |
| Straits / Malayan / Malaya–British Borneo dollar → Riau Islands rupiah R-V27-006 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1963 | Riau adopted a separateKRrupiah while withdrawing/converting Malayan dollars; government payments previously made under Malayan-dollar arrangements were paid inKR. |
| Haikwan customs tael → Chinese customs gold unit R-V27-007 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1930 | Import duties and levies based on them were changed from Haikwan-tael reckoning to customs gold units effective1February1930; this is a partial fiscal-account succession, not all customs accounting. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Ukrainian karbovanets R-V27-008 | regional_branch 1992 | On 12 November 1992 Ukraine replaced the ruble with the Ukrainian karbovanets, converting balances and existing ruble contracts 1:1 and requiring accounting in karbovantsi. The January coupon issue alone is not its unit boundary. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Georgian coupon R-V27-009 | regional_branch 1993 | Georgia introduced the coupon in the ruble system in April 1993 and made it the sole legal means in August. Subsequent law converts coupon-denominated prices, assets and liabilities into lari, confirming that the coupon became an account unit. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Uzbekistani sum-coupon R-V27-010 | regional_branch 1993–1994 | Uzbek sum-coupons began as ruble-denominated cash in November 1993 and became a separately named accounting system by February 1994, when legal utility tariffs were stated in sum-coupons. Their ruble ancestry is explicit. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Tajikistani ruble R-V27-011 | regional_branch 1995 | Tajikistan replaced the Russian ruble system with its national ruble on 10 May 1995. Prices and balance sheets were converted under the State Commission decision; Russian note circulation ended 15 May. |
| Tripolitanian Military Authority lira → Libyan dinar R-V27-012 | regional_branch 1952 | Tripolitanian obligations in Military Authority lira were converted into Libyan pounds at 480:1 under Currency Law article 12. |
| Algerian franc → Libyan dinar R-V27-013 | regional_branch 1952 | Fezzan obligations in Algerian francs were converted into Libyan pounds; the March 1952 announcement sets 980 Algerian francs per Libyan pound. |
| Saudi riyal → Qatar and Dubai riyal R-V27-014 | local_replacement 1966 | Qatar and Dubai exchanged the temporarily circulating Saudi riyals into Qatar-Dubai riyals in September 1966 at 106.5 new riyals for100 Saudi riyals, pursuant to the amended Currency Agreement. |
| Indian rupee → Qatar and Dubai riyal R-V27-015 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1966 | The new Qatar-Dubai currency was established to replace Gulf rupees, and governments guaranteed existing Gulf-rupee banking balances at pre-devaluation value before the temporary Saudi-note bridge. |
| East African shilling → South Arabian / South Yemeni dinar R-V27-016 | regional_branch 1965 | The South Arabian dinar replaced East African shillings in1965; the currency-board research traces the replacement and exchange, with outgoing currency retained for a three-month overlap. |
| German mark — 1871–1948 continuity → Danzig gulden R-V27-017 | regional_branch 1923 | Covered German-mark claims became payable in Danzig gulden under November20,1923law, with December31conversion rate750billionmarks per gulden. |
| United States dollar → Confederate dollar R-V27-018 | regional_branch 1861–1864 | Confederate public obligations initially continued the U.S.dollar framework:1861statutes retained existing salary, fee and official-bond amounts. By1864, local contracts used a distinct Confederate dollar denomination recognized in Thorington. Taken together this supports a regional U.S.dollar branch, without identifying a single universal separation day. |
| Tunisian piastre / riyal reckoning → Tunisian franc R-V27-019 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1891 | Tunisian piastre principal unit replaced by franc under the1891reform. No universal ratio supplied by inspected source. |
| Guatemalan peso → British Honduras / Belize dollar R-V27-020 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1894 | The British Honduras dollar replaced the locally used Guatemalan dollar or sol reckoning in October1894. Contemporary reports record wages and property prices passing from sols into the new gold-dollar accounting. |
| Korean yen / won before the North–South currency separation → South Korean hwan R-V27-021 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1953 | The southern continuation of the common Korean won was replaced by the hwan account unit effective17February1953 at100won per hwan. The1950 switch from Joseon to Bank of Korea notes was an instrument change within the preceding won. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Moldovan cupon R-V27-022 | regional_branch 1993 | Moldova separated from the inherited ruble area in July 1993 through a de facto national ruble/coupon account currency; this predates its conversion into leu in November. The June 1992 coupon-note issue alone is not treated as the birth of a distinct unit. |
| Italian lira → Tripolitanian Military Authority lira R-V27-023 | regional_branch 1943 | Tripolitania replaced metropolitan Italian lire with the military-administration lira from 15 September 1943, withdrawing the former legal tender by 30 November; a few small Italian denominations remained instruments valued in MAL. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → British Caribbean / East Caribbean dollar R-V27-024 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1838 | The British West Indian dollar continued the Spanish silver dollar as principal monetary unit in the Eastern Caribbean; its1838sterling rating did not replace that dollar accounting. |
| Manchukuo yuan → Northeast Chinese yuan accounting R-V27-025 | later_unification_or_absorption 1946 | In the Durbed/Taikang locality, Northeast currency replaced Manchukuo yuan through progressive par conversion in1946. This local replacement does not identify all postwar Manchurian conversions. |
| Northeast Chinese yuan accounting → Renminbi R-V27-026 | later_unification_or_absorption 1951 | Effective1April1951 Northeast prices, accounts, contracts and existing debts switched to RMB at9.5Northeast yuan per1then-current RMB yuan. |
| Japanese yen → Korean yen / won before the North–South currency separation R-V27-027 | regional_branch 1905–1946 | The Korean yen/won account lineage inherited Japanese-yen reckoning adopted in the1905 reform. Korean treasury and banking accounts continued that reckoning through the colonial period; after1945 the inherited local unit continued under a separately controlled Korean monetary system. This supports regional ancestry from the Japanese yen, without treating the1909 change of bank issuer as creation of a new unit. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Mauritius colonial dollar accounting R-V27-028 | regional_branch 1826–1849 | The Mauritius dollar was a locally valued version of the Spanish silver peso, fixed at five dollars per sterling pound and used in local accounting. |
| Mauritius colonial dollar accounting → Mauritian rupee R-V27-029 | later_unification_or_absorption 1877 | Mauritius replaced its local dollar reckoning with rupees effective1January1877 at two rupees per dollar. |
| Peruvian sol — nineteenth-century account unit → Peruvian libra — principal account unit R-V27-030 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1901–1903 | The 1901 law made the Peruvian pound the principal unit and required pre-existing silver-sol obligations, after a two-year transition, to be settled at one pound per ten soles. |
| Portuguese escudo → Angolan angolar R-V27-031 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1914–1928 | Angolar succeeds escudo accounting adopted locally from the metropolitan system in1914; the1926act explicitly replaces the existing local escudo account unit. This compresses the intervening regional separation, without creating an issuer-only1914node or asserting conversion of metropolitan obligations. |
| Angolan angolar → Angolan escudo R-V27-032 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1958 | Angola’s angolar currency became escudo again in December1958. The existing1953statutory observation is advance legal framework, not proof of completed implementation then. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Nicaraguan peso R-V27-033 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1821–1878 | Nicaragua's peso accounting continued the inherited Spanish/Central American monetary system before the1878national decimal coin issue. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Guatemalan peso R-V27-034 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1821–1847 | Guatemala's national peso developed through the federal and independent continuation of the Spanish monetary system. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Honduran real / peso R-V27-035 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1821–1879 | Honduran real/peso accounting inherited the Spanish system through federal and local real reckoning;1879decimal peso reform is an epoch within the scoped Honduran identity. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Ecuadorian sucre R-V27-036 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1884 | The sucre reform succeeded Ecuador's inherited Spanish-peso monetary system in1884. |
| Peruvian libra — principal account unit → Sol de oro R-V27-037 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1930 | Law6746of11February1930created sol de oro and ordered existing libra peruana obligations discharged at10soles oro per libra. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Cuban peso oro español — local Spanish-gold accounting R-V27-038 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1779–1868 | Cuban Spanish-gold peso accounting developed from locally rated Spanish peso reckoning and retained that identity rather than adopting Spain's1868peseta as its account unit. |
| Indochinese piastre → South Vietnamese đồng R-V27-039 | regional_branch 1954–1955 | The shared Indochinese piastre account system separated into the South Vietnamese piastre/dong: its founding central-bank participant describes division of the common balance sheet and debts, continuity of existing financial commitments, and replacement of colonial piastres by dong. |
| Republic of China yuan — mainland continuity → Jinan yuan R-V27-040 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1941–1942 | In the Jinan/Taihang jurisdiction, compulsory Jinan-denominated trade and public accounts displaced fabi use. The1942 rule required fabi conversion into Jinan before local dealings. This is scoped local replacement, not all-China succession or an assertion that every old debt was uniformly converted. |
| Republic of China yuan — mainland continuity → Harbin dayang — regional silver-dollar accounting R-V27-041 | regional_branch 1919–1925 | Harbin dayang developed as a regional Chinese silver-yuan reckoning: initially national-yuan instruments admitted for taxes, then a multi-issuer local account system with a differentiated currency value. This is regional adoption and differentiation, not ancestry from silver weight alone. |
| Harbin dayang — regional silver-dollar accounting → Manchukuo yuan R-V27-042 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1932–1935 | Manchukuo currency consolidation absorbed the Harbin dayang regional tax/payment unit; the Guangxin-issued Harbin currency was compulsorily redeemed at1.25dayang per1Manchukuo yuan. This names one actual local predecessor, not all provincial currencies. |
| Mexican peso → Indochinese piastre R-V27-043 | regional_branch 1878–1887 | The Indochinese piastre developed from local Mexican-dollar/piastre reckoning after unsuccessful franc introductions. Conant describes acceptance of the piastre unit and local fractional issues followed by1885piastre coinage; the colonial common currency retained Mexican-dollar parity. This is regional account-unit adoption, not descent inferred only from a metal standard. |
| Austro-Hungarian krone → Hungarian korona — post-imperial account unit R-V27-044 | regional_branch 1920 | Hungarian crown accounts separated from the Austro-Hungarian crown: pre-March8 deposits converted at par during March1920 currency separation. |
| Hungarian korona — post-imperial account unit → Hungarian pengő R-V27-045 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1927 | From1 January1927 mandatory korona accounts and korona payment obligations became pengő at12500 korona per pengő. |
| Postwar Yugoslav dinar — before successor separations → Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar R-V27-046 | regional_branch 1992 | Bosnia and Herzegovina established its dinar and replaced previously circulating Yugoslav dinars under July/August1992 decrees; implementation was territorially incomplete during war. |
| German mark — 1871–1948 continuity → Polish mark R-V27-047 | later_unification_or_absorption 1919–1920 | In the former Prussian district German-mark obligations became nominally equal Polish-mark obligations under20 November1919 law, effective locally on promulgation or subsequent Polish control. |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity → Latvian ruble — 1919-era currency R-V27-048 | later_unification_or_absorption 1920 | During consolidation of Latvian-ruble legal tender, the Treasury exchanged tsar rubles at half a Latvian ruble each. This is a documented later local replacement input; it does not assert the1919 founding unit was genealogically derived from Russian rubles. |
| German mark — 1871–1948 continuity → Estonian interwar currency — mark and kroon R-V27-049 | regional_branch 1919 | The2 May1919 ordinance substituted Estonian marks for German/Ostmarks in the inherited monetary regulation and required mark-denominated claims to be discharged in Estonian marks. |
| Egyptian pound → Palestine pound R-V27-050 | regional_branch 1927 | The Palestine pound succeeded Egyptian-pound accounting locally: the 1927 Currency Order establishes the new default contractual unit and expressly permits discharge of Egyptian-pound obligations at 1 Palestine pound = 0.975 Egyptian pound. Currency issue began 1 November 1927, with the Egyptian-cash transition continuing into March 1928. |
| Palestine pound → Israeli pound R-V27-051 | regional_branch 1948 | Israel's 1948 Currency Ordinance substitutes the Israel pound for existing and future Palestine-pound references, and the Bank Notes Ordinance exchanges notes at the same numerical amount. This is a documented regional account succession at parity; it does not imply termination of the Palestine pound in Jordan or Gaza in 1948. |
| Pound sterling → Southern Rhodesian / Central African pound — including federal currency R-V27-052 | regional_branch 1932–1940 | The Southern Rhodesian account pound developed as a regional continuation of British sterling reckoning, subsequently administered by the Southern Rhodesia Currency Board, Central African Currency Board and federal bank. Contemporary evidence identifies the inherited British pound account system; local coinage, withdrawal of British coins and board note issue separate the regional currency during 1932–1940. This date range records institutional separation, not a claim that a new unit was created by the first local coin. |
| Spanish peseta → Equatorial Guinean peseta / ekwele R-V27-053 | regional_branch 1969 | Equatorial Guinea introduced its own peseta in 1969 after previously forming part of the Spanish monetary area using the Spanish peseta. The national unit was initially at parity with the Spanish peseta and was subsequently renamed ekwele in 1975. The parent is the Spanish peseta; the earlier national name was peseta, not peso. |
| Dutch guilder (euro predecessor) → Luxembourg franc R-V27-054 | regional_accounting_adoption 1849 | Luxembourg official accounts and fiscal obligations shifted from the Dutch-florin denomination to franc accounting under the20December1848law. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → French Somaliland CFA franc R-V27-055 | regional_branch 1945 | The local franc entered the differentiated territorial CFA reckoning in1945. |
| Portuguese real → Brazilian real (réis) R0419 | regional_branch 1643–1694 | Brazilian réis accounting continued the transplanted Portuguese real system and differentiated through colonial monetary and liability arrangements. Seventeenth-century local devaluation and provincial reform document this regional branch. |
| Patna Sanwat / Azeemabadee rupee account → Calcutta sicca rupee R-V28-001 | later_unification_or_absorption 1793–1802 | Parties converted the grant's existing rent into sicca after the1793 regulation and before the1802 settlement. This is a documented local obligation transition, not universal abolition. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → Bulgarian lev R-V28-002 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1880 | The lev succeeded French-franc reckoning in Bulgarian official accounts: the1879national tariff used French francs, while the1880law introduced the lev and required money documents in leva. Scope is Bulgarian public-account succession, not replacement of every foreign coin or obligation. |
| Portuguese dinheiro–soldo–libra accounting → Portuguese real R-V28-003 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1435–1436 | Retain Portuguese libra-system→real account succession; dinheiro belongs within the former profile and need not become an intervening node. |
| Spanish escudo —1864 account unit → Spanish peseta R-V28-004 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1868–1870 | Existing escudo ordinary payment amounts are discharged in pesetas at0.4 escudo per peseta;public books convert in1870. Specie-specific contracts retain statutory adjustments. |
| Old Piedmont lira —20-soldi account unit → Italian lira R-V28-005 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1816–1826 | Old Piedmont reckoning replaced by new lira;1826official equivalence1old=1.1875new. |
| Genoese commercial lira — lira fuori banco → Italian lira R-V28-006 | later_unification_or_absorption 1826–1842 | Genoese outside-bank account unit prohibited1826;1842contracts documented settlement in legal new lire at1Genoese=0.833new. |
| Turkish lira → Serbian groš accounting — tax and market conventions R-V30-001 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1833 | Serbian local groš accounting differentiated from Ottoman reckoning in 1833 under separately regulated fiscal and commercial valuations. Its tax and market conventions remain scales within one regional identity. |
| Serbian groš accounting — tax and market conventions → Serbian and Kingdom Yugoslav dinar — account continuity R-V30-002 | later_unification_or_absorption 1878–1879 | The 1878 law converted Serbian tax and market groš accounts into dinars and required state and private books to adopt the new unit; implementation followed in 1879. The two conventions received distinct prescribed valuations. |
| Castilian maravedí / real de vellón accounting → Spanish escudo —1864 account unit R-V31-001 | founding_or_early_ancestry 1864 | The existing Castilian maravedí/realdevellón accounting profile, then expressed principally in reales, is replaced in public accounts by the escudo of 10 reales in 1864. |
| Roman solidus–nomisma accounting — imperial and regional evidence → Frankish denier–livre reckoning R-V34-001 | regional_branch 400–700 | Frankish reckoning continues the late-Roman solidus account tradition: solidus reckoning survived the change from gold tremisses to silver deniers. Admit regional ancestry; the exact differentiation date and intermediate local stages remain unresolved. |
| Roman solidus–nomisma accounting — imperial and regional evidence → Visigothic solidus accounting R-V34-002 | regional_branch 400–681 | Visigothic law and finance retained Roman solidus accounting after local solidus coin production ceased. Admit a regional continuation, with its differentiation chronology unresolved. |
| Frankish denier–livre reckoning → Barcelona diner–sou–lliura accounting R-V31-002 | regional_branch 800–991 | Catalan denier–solidus–libra accounting extends the Carolingian system. Retain the Barcelona branch and qualify the regional separation chronology. |
| Frankish denier–livre reckoning → Portuguese dinheiro–soldo–libra accounting R-V34-004 | regional_branch 800–1145 | The regional denier–solidus–libra system has Carolingian ancestry. This compressed ancestry link leaves intervening stages and the immediate parent unresolved; it does not establish direct siblinghood. |
| Frankish denier–livre reckoning → Navarrese denier–libra and real accounting R-V34-005 | regional_branch 800–1198 | The regional denier–solidus–libra system has Carolingian ancestry. This compressed ancestry link leaves intervening stages and the immediate parent unresolved; it does not establish direct siblinghood. |
| Frankish denier–livre reckoning → Aragonese Jaca account money R-V34-006 | regional_branch 800–1263 | The regional denier–solidus–libra system has Carolingian ancestry. This compressed ancestry link leaves intervening stages and the immediate parent unresolved; it does not establish direct siblinghood. |
| Astur-Leonese and Castilian solidus–dinero accounting → Castilian maravedí / real de vellón accounting R-V34-007 | later_unification_or_absorption 1100–1500 | Castilian maravedí accounting gradually replaced the earlier solidus–dinero system. Admit account replacement with uncertain timing; 1100–1500 is a research envelope, not an observed conversion interval. |
| From → to | Role and date | Evidence and scope |
|---|
| From → to | Role and date | Evidence and scope |
|---|---|---|
| Katangese franc → Congolese franc, pre-1967 TR-V26-001 | later_unification_or_absorption 1963 | Katangese francs were replaced by existing Congolese francs at 1:1 in January 1963. |
| Malian franc → CFA franc (BCEAO) R0221 | absorption 1984-06-01 | Mali returns to CFA currency. Territorial return to an existing currency, not creation of XOF from the Malian franc. Revision 25 adjudication: Malian return to existing CFA in 1984 must not create circular founding ancestry. |
| Danzig gulden → German mark — 1871–1948 continuity R-V26-012 | later_unification_or_absorption 1939 | Danzig gulden was absorbed into the existing German-mark system in September 1939 at 1 gulden = 0.70 Reichsmark. |
| Latvian lats — interwar currency → Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity R0275 | absorption 1940–1941 | The Soviet currency system displaced the lats, withdrawn on 25 March 1941. Revision 25 adjudication: Interwar lats is absorbed into existing Soviet currency over 1940–1941. |
| From → to | Role and date | Evidence and scope |
|---|---|---|
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → Tunisian franc R0399 | adopted_monetary_basis 1891 · unit adoption event | Tunisia adopted the French franc unit in the implemented 1891 reform while replacing local piastre accounting.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| United States dollar → Guatemalan quetzal R0411 | adopted_monetary_basis 1924–1925 · unit adoption event | Guatemala deliberately defined the quetzal equal to one US dollar and chose sixty pesos per quetzal using prior dollar exchange values.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| Pound sterling → Hong Kong dollar SP-V32-001 | adopted_monetary_basis 1935 introduction; postwar evidence 1946–1972 | Hong Kong instituted a sterling anchor in 1935. Postwar tables document its continuation and 1967 parity change before the switch to USD.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| United States dollar → Hong Kong dollar SP-V32-002 | adopted_monetary_basis 6 July 1972 – 26 November 1974 | Hong Kong fixed its dollar to USD in July 1972, changed the parity in February 1973, and ended the commitment when it floated in November 1974.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| United States dollar → Hong Kong dollar SP-V32-003 | adopted_monetary_basis 17 October 1983; confirmed in the 2024 description | Hong Kong restored a USD link through its currency-board system in 1983; the inspected later description specifies a 7.75–7.85 exchange band.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| Pound sterling → British Caribbean / East Caribbean dollar SP-V32-004 | adopted_monetary_basis ECCA episode: 6 October 1965 – 7 July 1976 | The ECCA episode used a sterling peg before the EC dollar’s 1976 switch to USD.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| United States dollar → British Caribbean / East Caribbean dollar SP-V32-005 | adopted_monetary_basis 7 July 1976; confirmed through July 2021 | The East Caribbean dollar switched its anchor to USD on 7 July 1976; the ECCB confirmed the unchanged parity in 2021.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| United States dollar → Bermudian dollar SP-V32-006 | adopted_monetary_basis 31 July 1972 introduction; ending unreviewed | Bermuda fixed its dollar at USD parity on 31 July 1972 under amended authority to define its external value beyond sterling.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| Euro — converging national replacements → CFA franc (BCEAO) SP-V32-007 | adopted_monetary_basis 1 January 1999 · euro anchor introduced | XOF acquired an explicit euro anchor from 1 January 1999 under the continuing monetary cooperation arrangements.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| Euro — converging national replacements → CFA franc (BEAC) SP-V32-008 | adopted_monetary_basis 1 January 1999 · euro anchor introduced | XAF acquired an explicit euro anchor from 1 January 1999 under the continuing monetary cooperation arrangements.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| Euro — converging national replacements → Comorian franc SP-V32-009 | adopted_monetary_basis 1 January 1999 · euro anchor introduced | KMF acquired an explicit euro anchor from 1 January 1999 under the continuing monetary cooperation arrangements.Dates, mechanism and limitations → |
| From → to | Role and date | Evidence and scope |
|---|---|---|
| Pound sterling → British Honduras / Belize dollar R0404 | replacement 1894 | Sterlingcoin circulation does not establish sterling as the accountunit immediately replaced in1894. Primary1894ordinance instead makes USDgold the standardforcontracts. |
| United States dollar → Panamanian balboa R0413 | standard_reference 1904 | Law84of28June1904 establishesbalboa; USDgoldlegal equivalence issharedstandard/legal tender, not evidenceofUSDaccountunit succession. |
| United States dollar → Nicaraguan córdoba — 1912 unit, including 1988 scale R0416 | standard_reference 1912–1913 | USDparity doesnotestablish córdobaancestry; primary1913law converts localpeso contracts,statutes,feesandfines to córdobas. |
| United States dollar → Philippine peso, twentieth-century reform lineage R0414 | founding_adoption 1903 | The 1903 Philippine reform defined a gold peso and made US gold dollars tender at two pesos per dollar. The date is enactment; commencement depended on the stipulated coin supply. Spanish and Mexican predecessors are additional inputs, not erased by the new standard. |
| Cambodian riel before abolition → Cambodian riel R-V23-015 | restoration 1980 | The national currency name was restored after abolition; an account-balance succession between the two riels has not been established. |
| German mark — 1871–1948 continuity → Estonian interwar currency — mark and kroon R0267 | standard_reference 1918 | The Estonian mark founding standard referenced the Ostmark; this standard reference is retained as context and excluded from ancestry traversal. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → Swiss franc R0239 | standard_reference 1850 | The federal Swiss franc adopts the French silver-franc standard. Standard relationship, not French currency replacement in Switzerland. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → Belgian franc R0240 | standard_reference 1832-06-05 | Belgium legislates the French decimal silver-franc standard. Law date; does not assert a blanket 1:1 exchange of every preceding local unit. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Greek phoenix R0306 | standard_reference 1828 | The phoenix was valued at one sixth of the Spanish dollar. A valuation standard, not evidence that all dollars were compulsorily converted into phoenixes. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → Hong Kong dollar R0375 | standard_reference 1863–1866 | Hong Kong’s local silver-dollar issue developed from circulating Spanish and Mexican silver dollars. One traced standard input; the 1935 sterling link is not its origin. |
| Pound sterling → British Caribbean / East Caribbean dollar R0401 | regional_branch 1825–1850 | Sterling coins and the sterling rating coexisted with the inherited British West Indian dollar account unit. They do not make sterling its account-unit parent. |
| Frankish denier–livre reckoning → Pound sterling CTX-V29-014 | non_ancestry_context 950–1020 | Frankish twelve-penny shilling reckoning entered English usage by the late tenth/early eleventh century, alongside older four- and five-penny shillings. This was subdivision transmission within an existing English penny system. Late-tenth-century uptake is reconstructed; Byrhtferth’s dated witness is 1011–c.1020. Four witnesses cluster in reformed monastic contexts; nationwide simultaneous adoption is not claimed. |
| Frankish denier–livre reckoning → Portuguese dinheiro–soldo–libra accounting CTX-V31-015 | non_ancestry_context 1248–1279 | AfonsoIII adopted French libra reckoning above existing soldo/dinheiro accounts; the Frankish node represents tradition, not an identified immediate parent. |
| Barcelona diner–sou–lliura accounting → Spanish peseta CTX-V31-016 | non_ancestry_context 1878 | The 1878 surviving rent is stated both in libra and peseta terms; retain as contractual equivalence unless further evidence establishes actual general account replacement. |