Iran, India
and East Asia.

Extend Persian toman/dinar accounting into its inherited Ilkhanid and post-Ilkhanid tradition. Scholarship explicitly identifies inherited money of account. Earlier regional dinars and tomans retain qualified identity associations; no universal common value across regions is asserted.

The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars (2013)
pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80); Safavid standards; Rumlu payment in 1506; western/Khorasan distinctions — Scholarly book OCR mirror; cited VOC/EIC orders and travel accounts inspected as reproduced, not archival originals.

Coins and Coinage, Encyclopaedia Iranica VI/1 (1992)
pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80); Safavid standards; Rumlu payment in 1506; western/Khorasan distinctions — Relevant substantive scholarly passages inspected; underlying documents not independently collated.

Mustawfi’s revenues for 1335 are reported in currency dinars, including 2,871,200 for Fars and 325,000 for Khuzistan. The fiscal witness is explicit; association with the later Persian account lineage is qualified.

Description of Persia and Mesopotamia … from the Nuzhat-al-Qulub, JRAS 34/1 (1902)
p. 54 note 1; reported 1335 revenues; pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80) — Publisher extract and complete relevant note inspected; full article/manuscripts not accessed.

The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars (2013)
p. 54 note 1; reported 1335 revenues; pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80) — Scholarly book OCR mirror; cited VOC/EIC orders and travel accounts inspected as reproduced, not archival originals.

Rumlu reports a payment of 300 kepaki tomans in 1506. Preserve the regional name and qualify its association with the later consolidated Persian profile.

Coins and Coinage, Encyclopaedia Iranica VI/1 (1992)
Safavid standards; Rumlu payment in 1506; western/Khorasan distinctions — Relevant substantive scholarly passages inspected; underlying documents not independently collated.

Barker’s 1626 account describes reckoning in tomans and decimal amounts rather than naming the coins used in payment.

The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars (2013)
pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80) — Scholarly book OCR mirror; cited VOC/EIC orders and travel accounts inspected as reproduced, not archival originals.

Olearius in 1637 explicitly identifies the toman as a unit of account.

The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars (2013)
pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80) — Scholarly book OCR mirror; cited VOC/EIC orders and travel accounts inspected as reproduced, not archival originals.

The Mughal rupee–dam account system relates rupee salary payments to 40 dams, despite variable market rates, and divides the dam into 25 imaginary jitals for accounting. Treat these as denominations within one scoped account system, not separate coin currencies.

Ain-i-Akbari, volume I, Book I
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements — English transcription inspected; site header attribution inconsistent with translation/pagination, so no Persian manuscript verification claimed.

Trade, Politics and Society (2017), chapter5: Multiple Currencies and their Complementary Relationship
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements — Relevant chapter in OCR mirror inspected; underlying Company records not independently examined.

The Ain-i-Akbari sets the rupee’s salary rating at 40 dams and identifies Sher Khan’s rupee as the antecedent of Akbar’s issue. The 1590s date bounds this textual witness, not the currency’s origin.

Ain-i-Akbari, volume I, Book I
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Completion in the 42nd regnal year, additions in the 43rd; use bounded 1590s witness — English transcription inspected; site header attribution inconsistent with translation/pagination, so no Persian manuscript verification claimed.

Ain-i-Akbari, introductory material
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Completion in the 42nd regnal year, additions in the 43rd; use bounded 1590s witness — Translator biography inspected by research reviewer; approximate composition decade used to avoid misleading CE gloss.

The Ain-i-Akbari gives rupee-denominated horse duties and trooper salary schedules, and describes salary accounts in dams settled partly in rupees (Book I Ain 79; Book II Ains 5 and 14).

Ain-i-Akbari, volume I, later Book I and Book II
Book I Ain 79 p. 215; Book II Ain 5 p. 250 and Ain 14 pp. 264–265; Completion in the 42nd regnal year, additions in the 43rd; use bounded 1590s witness — English transcription of account and salary passages inspected; no manuscript collation.

Ain-i-Akbari, introductory material
Book I Ain 79 p. 215; Book II Ain 5 p. 250 and Ain 14 pp. 264–265; Completion in the 42nd regnal year, additions in the 43rd; use bounded 1590s witness — Translator biography inspected by research reviewer; approximate composition decade used to avoid misleading CE gloss.

Extend the retained yuan profile through late-Qing and Republic of China mainland accounting. Earlier regional dollar traditions supply ancestral evidence; they are not all treated as one eighteenth-century national unit.

Secular Trends of Rice Prices in the Yangzi Delta, 1644–1935
Printed pp. 339–340; especially p. 340, silver yuan 1910–1935; Abstract and sections 5–6; dollar accounts and Shanghai tael — Scanned PDF first two pages visually inspected, especially printed p. 340.

The Changing Significance of Latin American Silver in the Chinese Economy, 16th–19th Centuries, RHE 38/3 (2020), 553–585
Printed pp. 339–340; especially p. 340, silver yuan 1910–1935; Abstract and sections 5–6; dollar accounts and Shanghai tael — Relevant substantive scholarly passages inspected; underlying documents not independently collated.

Wang identifies the silver yuan as China’s official monetary unit during 1910–1935, discussing the 1910, 1914 and 1933 standards within that account history.

Secular Trends of Rice Prices in the Yangzi Delta, 1644–1935
Printed pp. 339–340; especially p. 340, silver yuan 1910–1935 — Scanned PDF first two pages visually inspected, especially printed p. 340.

Chinese and Western merchants adopted Shanghai’s abstract tael money of account in 1857. This reported adoption is not a universal origin date for all Shanghai silver references.

The Changing Significance of Latin American Silver in the Chinese Economy, 16th–19th Centuries, RHE 38/3 (2020), 553–585
Abstract and sections 5–6; dollar accounts and Shanghai tael — Relevant substantive scholarly passages inspected; underlying documents not independently collated.

Seward’s 29 April 1880 memorandum describes actual customs collections using Haikwan taels and tabulates their local relation to Kuping taels. Officials did not explain the Haikwan standard’s origin.

FRUS 1880, document 167: memorandum of 29 April 1880
Printed pp. 264–265, memorandum paragraphs 12(a–i) and 15 — Full contemporary memorandum transcription inspected on Office of the Historian site.

A Qin ordinance orders counties to discharge cash obligations and permits borrowing imperial cash repayable in the amount lent. Tong dates it probably to 221 BCE or shortly afterward. Admit a scoped Qin cash account, with approximate dating and no automatic Tang successor.

The Emergence of Logistics Networks and Financial Administration During the Qin Conquest (230–221 BCE), Early China 48, 133–162; online 2026
Emerging Logistics Networks and New Financial Administration; cash ordinance and notes 106–111 — Publisher full text, translated excavated ordinance and dating discussion inspected; original slips not inspected.

Bengal and Company sicca accounting inherited the Mughal rupee system through regional Nawabi arrangements. Admit compressed regional ancestry, retaining distinctions among sicca, current and Patna accounts. The immediate stages and differentiation dates remain qualified.

Trade, Politics and Society (2017), chapter5: Multiple Currencies and their Complementary Relationship
Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements; Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning — Relevant chapter in OCR mirror inspected; underlying Company records not independently examined.

Ain-i-Akbari, volume I, Book I
Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements; Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning — English transcription inspected; site header attribution inconsistent with translation/pagination, so no Persian manuscript verification claimed.

Chinese yuan money of account developed from Spanish-peso reckoning through regional dollar traditions, later Mexican-dollar predominance and national consolidation. Admit compressed inherited ancestry, not uniform eighteenth-century national currency or a perpetual peso peg.

The Changing Significance of Latin American Silver in the Chinese Economy, 16th–19th Centuries, RHE 38/3 (2020), 553–585
Abstract and sections 5–6; dollar accounts and Shanghai tael; Printed pp. 339–340; especially p. 340, silver yuan 1910–1935 — Relevant substantive scholarly passages inspected; underlying documents not independently collated.

Secular Trends of Rice Prices in the Yangzi Delta, 1644–1935
Abstract and sections 5–6; dollar accounts and Shanghai tael; Printed pp. 339–340; especially p. 340, silver yuan 1910–1935 — Scanned PDF first two pages visually inspected, especially printed p. 340.

Nader Shah’s implemented 1740 reform deliberately aligned Iranian rupee/naderi reckoning with Indian rupees and set one silver toman equal to 20 silver rupees. Record a qualified unit-adoption event, preserving Iranian ancestry; no continuing market peg is inferred.

The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars (2013)
pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80) — Scholarly book OCR mirror; cited VOC/EIC orders and travel accounts inspected as reproduced, not archival originals.

The reviewed account continuity does not close the gap to Sasanian or Achaemenid money. A shared dinar name or coin-weight imitation does not establish those ancestry links.

Coins and Coinage, Encyclopaedia Iranica VI/1 (1992)
Safavid standards; Rumlu payment in 1506; western/Khorasan distinctions; pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80) — Relevant substantive scholarly passages inspected; underlying documents not independently collated.

The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars (2013)
Safavid standards; Rumlu payment in 1506; western/Khorasan distinctions; pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80) — Scholarly book OCR mirror; cited VOC/EIC orders and travel accounts inspected as reproduced, not archival originals.

Delhi tanka to Suri rupee remains a promising account-continuity question. Ancient kahapana and the separate Afghan, Nepalese, Hyderabad and Patna regional lines require their own evidence; they are not assigned a Mughal parent by name alone.

Ain-i-Akbari, volume I, Book I
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements — English transcription inspected; site header attribution inconsistent with translation/pagination, so no Persian manuscript verification claimed.

Trade, Politics and Society (2017), chapter5: Multiple Currencies and their Complementary Relationship
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements — Relevant chapter in OCR mirror inspected; underlying Company records not independently examined.

The museum distinguishes Chinese coin models, medieval one-coin/one-mon reckoning, and independent Edo gold, silver and copper values. This does not by itself establish Tang-account to Japanese-mon ancestry or merge mon, ryō and silver monme.

Historical events and currencies in use
Ancient/medieval sections and independent Edo gold, silver and copper accounts — Central-bank museum retrospective, including limits of its coin-model statements.

Qin cash obligations establish an earlier Chinese account witness. The reviewed ordinance does not establish the intervening account continuity through Han and Sui to the Tang profile.

The Emergence of Logistics Networks and Financial Administration During the Qin Conquest (230–221 BCE), Early China 48, 133–162; online 2026
Emerging Logistics Networks and New Financial Administration; cash ordinance and notes 106–111 — Publisher full text, translated excavated ordinance and dating discussion inspected; original slips not inspected.

Korean silver won/nyang accounts predate the 1905 yen-based reform. The relation between earlier local continuity, the adopted Japanese basis and the retained Korean profile needs a separate identity adjudication; this pass does not create an extra currency merely for rescaling.

Currency reorganization of 1905, Our History Net
January edicts, June implementation and July redemption; note 129; 1894 salary schedule and 1896 budget; coexistence of silver won, nyang and later gold hwan — Korean scholarly institutional text inspected; original edicts not independently collated.

Won (원)
January edicts, June implementation and July redemption; note 129; 1894 salary schedule and 1896 budget; coexistence of silver won, nyang and later gold hwan — Korean encyclopedia article inspected; its cited salary schedule and budget not independently collated.