Evidence coverage: 1880–1933. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Chinese Maritime Customs fiscal collection and statistical account unit; qualifies despite not being circulating money.
No distinct predecessor currency is established in the loaded view.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
The haikwan tael was used by Maritime Customs for export-duty collection and import/export statistical valuation.
Sources and qualifications →Contemporary survey reports customs announcement10March1933discontinued use of Haikwan tael, beyond the earlier1930import-duty shift.
Sources and qualifications →Customs assessments and trade valuations independently denominated in Haikwan taels. A unit need not have a circulating coin or general retail use.
Sources and qualifications →Customs assessments and trade valuations independently denominated in Haikwan taels. A unit need not have a circulating coin or general retail use.
Sources and qualifications →Seward’s 29 April 1880 memorandum describes actual customs collections using Haikwan taels and tabulates their local relation to Kuping taels. Officials did not explain the Haikwan standard’s origin.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
The haikwan tael was used by Maritime Customs for export-duty collection and import/export statistical valuation.
C1385Contemporary survey reports customs announcement10March1933discontinued use of Haikwan tael, beyond the earlier1930import-duty shift.
C1477Seward’s 29 April 1880 memorandum describes actual customs collections using Haikwan taels and tabulates their local relation to Kuping taels. Officials did not explain the Haikwan standard’s origin.
C2008Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan. Do not merge with Shanghai tael or ordinary weight taels. Successor allocation between yuan and customs gold accounting needs actual customs orders.
The haikwan tael was used by Maritime Customs for export-duty collection and import/export statistical valuation.
printed39firstparagraph
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Customs announcement reported discontinuance of the haikwan tael.
printed39firstparagraph
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Contemporary survey reports customs announcement10March1933discontinued use of Haikwan tael, beyond the earlier1930import-duty shift.
Printed39–40 /PDF44–45
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Customs assessments and trade valuations independently denominated in Haikwan taels. A unit need not have a circulating coin or general retail use.
China customs-gold discussion, printed p.40 footnote 38; Ceylon and Mauritius country sections (Mauritius printed p.79)
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Import duties and levies based on them were changed from Haikwan-tael reckoning to customs gold units effective1February1930; this is a partial fiscal-account succession, not all customs accounting.
SectionIV(1),1930order paragraph
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Archival decree itself not inspected.
Customs account use discontinued per10March1933announcement, contemporary report.1930import-duty successorCGUadded; remaining export-account successor not imposed without exact conversion decree.
Claim-specific contemporary account passage identified in regional review.
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Claim-specific contemporary account passage identified in regional review.
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Archival decree itself not inspected.
Seward’s 29 April 1880 memorandum describes actual customs collections using Haikwan taels and tabulates their local relation to Kuping taels. Officials did not explain the Haikwan standard’s origin.
Printed pp. 264–265, memorandum paragraphs 12(a–i) and 15
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full contemporary memorandum transcription inspected on Office of the Historian site.