Evidence coverage: 1575–1575. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Kingdom of Kongo and specified Luanda-linked accounting evidence; no all-Central-Africa scope
No distinct predecessor currency is established in the loaded view.
No distinct successor currency is established in the loaded view.
Thesis reports Garcia Simoes letter of 20 October 1575 with monetary reckoning and describes tribute liabilities determining demand.1782 account measures are separately reported; do not impose their factors on 1575.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
Thesis reports Garcia Simoes letter of 20 October 1575 with monetary reckoning and describes tribute liabilities determining demand.1782 account measures are separately reported; do not impose their factors on 1575.
C1354Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan. Research explicitly treats nzimbu as an account unit and tribute liability; it is not taxonomically identical with imported cowries.
Thesis reports Garcia Simoes letter of 20 October 1575 with monetary reckoning and describes tribute liabilities determining demand.1782 account measures are separately reported; do not impose their factors on 1575.
printed26–27,54
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Thesis quotes/synthesizes Dartevelle 1953 and Mahieu 1924; underlying decrees not independently inspected.