Evidence coverage: 1899–1968. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Tolai communities of Gazelle Peninsula, East New Britain
No distinct predecessor currency is established in the loaded view.
No distinct successor currency is established in the loaded view.
Administration paid tambu for road work.1901 restriction applied to trade with Europeans and did not end covert use. Account-unit function is explicit in the study.
Sources and qualifications →Reported Matupi price:10–12 small fish for quarter-fathom tambu or one shilling; other goods imply different cash ratios. Do not treat exchange rates as ancestral conversion.
Sources and qualifications →Lifecycle review: European-trade prohibition did not establish disappearance. Positive historical continuation only; current2026status was not audited.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
Administration paid tambu for road work.1901 restriction applied to trade with Europeans and did not end covert use. Account-unit function is explicit in the study.
C1357Reported Matupi price:10–12 small fish for quarter-fathom tambu or one shilling; other goods imply different cash ratios. Do not treat exchange rates as ancestral conversion.
C1358Lifecycle review: European-trade prohibition did not establish disappearance. Positive historical continuation only; current2026status was not audited.
C1470Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan. Fathom-denominated market payments and a recognized accounting function, alongside imported cash; no automatic merger with Kove tambu.
Administration paid tambu for road work.1901 restriction applied to trade with Europeans and did not end covert use. Account-unit function is explicit in the study.
pp76,80–82
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Reported Matupi price:10–12 small fish for quarter-fathom tambu or one shilling; other goods imply different cash ratios. Do not treat exchange rates as ancestral conversion.
p150
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Indexed full paragraph on p 150 inspected, but direct download yielded a two-page repository wrapper, NOT the book.
Treat detailed price anchor as corroborating indexed evidence; rely on S5 for fully inspected scholarly context.
Lifecycle review: European-trade prohibition did not establish disappearance. Positive historical continuation only; current2026status was not audited.
printed76/PDF4; printed80–82/PDF8–10
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Lifecycle review: European-trade prohibition did not establish disappearance. Positive historical continuation only; current2026status was not audited.
printed76/PDF4; printed80–82/PDF8–10
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.