Evidence coverage: 1590–1599. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
No distinct predecessor currency is established in the loaded view.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
Nader Shah’s implemented 1740 reform deliberately aligned Iranian rupee/naderi reckoning with Indian rupees and set one silver toman equal to 20 silver rupees. Record a qualified unit-adoption event, preserving Iranian ancestry; no continuing market peg is inferred.
1740 · qualified unit adoption event
1 Iranian silver toman = 20 silver rupees in the reform.
Accounting orders and replacement rupee/naderi issues explicitly aligned to the Indian rupee; supported by VOC and EIC reports reproduced in scholarship.
Qualified donor association and implementation scope. Commerce remained heavily copper-based. This is an adoption event, not a claim of enduring market parity or uniform compliance.
Unit adoption is a historical event; no continuing peg is inferred. Excluded from ancestry, sibling relationships and depth.
Evidence and relationship details Register entry →The Mughal rupee–dam account system relates rupee salary payments to 40 dams, despite variable market rates, and divides the dam into 25 imaginary jitals for accounting. Treat these as denominations within one scoped account system, not separate coin currencies.
Sources and qualifications →The Ain-i-Akbari sets the rupee’s salary rating at 40 dams and identifies Sher Khan’s rupee as the antecedent of Akbar’s issue. The 1590s date bounds this textual witness, not the currency’s origin.
Sources and qualifications →The Ain-i-Akbari gives rupee-denominated horse duties and trooper salary schedules, and describes salary accounts in dams settled partly in rupees (Book I Ain 79; Book II Ains 5 and 14).
Sources and qualifications →Bengal and Company sicca accounting inherited the Mughal rupee system through regional Nawabi arrangements. Admit compressed regional ancestry, retaining distinctions among sicca, current and Patna accounts. The immediate stages and differentiation dates remain qualified.
Sources and qualifications →Nader Shah’s implemented 1740 reform deliberately aligned Iranian rupee/naderi reckoning with Indian rupees and set one silver toman equal to 20 silver rupees. Record a qualified unit-adoption event, preserving Iranian ancestry; no continuing market peg is inferred.
Sources and qualifications →Delhi tanka to Suri rupee remains a promising account-continuity question. Ancient kahapana and the separate Afghan, Nepalese, Hyderabad and Patna regional lines require their own evidence; they are not assigned a Mughal parent by name alone.
Sources and qualifications →Indo-Greek denominations spread into India, but De Romanis shows that drachm coins could circulate while accounts remained in karsapana. Neither that coin sequence nor a repeated dramma name establishes the missing medieval-to-Mughal account links.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
The Ain-i-Akbari sets the rupee’s salary rating at 40 dams and identifies Sher Khan’s rupee as the antecedent of Akbar’s issue. The 1590s date bounds this textual witness, not the currency’s origin.
C2003The Ain-i-Akbari gives rupee-denominated horse duties and trooper salary schedules, and describes salary accounts in dams settled partly in rupees (Book I Ain 79; Book II Ains 5 and 14).
C2004Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
The Mughal rupee–dam account system relates rupee salary payments to 40 dams, despite variable market rates, and divides the dam into 25 imaginary jitals for accounting. Treat these as denominations within one scoped account system, not separate coin currencies.
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
English transcription inspected; site header attribution inconsistent with translation/pagination, so no Persian manuscript verification claimed.
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The Ain-i-Akbari sets the rupee’s salary rating at 40 dams and identifies Sher Khan’s rupee as the antecedent of Akbar’s issue. The 1590s date bounds this textual witness, not the currency’s origin.
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Completion in the 42nd regnal year, additions in the 43rd; use bounded 1590s witness
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
English transcription inspected; site header attribution inconsistent with translation/pagination, so no Persian manuscript verification claimed.
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Completion in the 42nd regnal year, additions in the 43rd; use bounded 1590s witness
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The Ain-i-Akbari gives rupee-denominated horse duties and trooper salary schedules, and describes salary accounts in dams settled partly in rupees (Book I Ain 79; Book II Ains 5 and 14).
Book I Ain 79 p. 215; Book II Ain 5 p. 250 and Ain 14 pp. 264–265; Completion in the 42nd regnal year, additions in the 43rd; use bounded 1590s witness
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
English transcription of account and salary passages inspected; no manuscript collation.
Book I Ain 79 p. 215; Book II Ain 5 p. 250 and Ain 14 pp. 264–265; Completion in the 42nd regnal year, additions in the 43rd; use bounded 1590s witness
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Bengal and Company sicca accounting inherited the Mughal rupee system through regional Nawabi arrangements. Admit compressed regional ancestry, retaining distinctions among sicca, current and Patna accounts. The immediate stages and differentiation dates remain qualified.
Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements; Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements; Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
English transcription inspected; site header attribution inconsistent with translation/pagination, so no Persian manuscript verification claimed.
Nader Shah’s implemented 1740 reform deliberately aligned Iranian rupee/naderi reckoning with Indian rupees and set one silver toman equal to 20 silver rupees. Record a qualified unit-adoption event, preserving Iranian ancestry; no continuing market peg is inferred.
pp. 20–22 (notes 50–55), 159–160 (notes 77–80)
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Delhi tanka to Suri rupee remains a promising account-continuity question. Ancient kahapana and the separate Afghan, Nepalese, Hyderabad and Patna regional lines require their own evidence; they are not assigned a Mughal parent by name alone.
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
English transcription inspected; site header attribution inconsistent with translation/pagination, so no Persian manuscript verification claimed.
Ain 10, Silver Coins and Copper Coins, pp. 31–32; salary and accountants’ reckoning; Chapter 5, pp. 99–111; imperial, Nawabi and Company account arrangements
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Indo-Greek denominations spread into India, but De Romanis shows that drachm coins could circulate while accounts remained in karsapana. Neither that coin sequence nor a repeated dramma name establishes the missing medieval-to-Mughal account links.
pp.666–669, Staters and drachmas; distinguish Indo-Greek and later Sasanian routes; pp.135–137, especially136 notes75–79; DOI10.17885/heiup.1582.c22725
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
pp.666–669, Staters and drachmas; distinguish Indo-Greek and later Sasanian routes; pp.135–137, especially136 notes75–79; DOI10.17885/heiup.1582.c22725
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.