Evidence coverage: 1385–1386. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
The Rhenish gold gulden became part of domestic monetary systems in the later fourteenth century; the electoral union of 1385, revised in 1386, established a common gulden standard.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
The Rhenish gold gulden became part of domestic monetary systems in the later fourteenth century; the electoral union of 1385, revised in 1386, established a common gulden standard.
C2114Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
The Rhenish gold gulden became part of domestic monetary systems in the later fourteenth century; the electoral union of 1385, revised in 1386, established a common gulden standard.
Printed pp. XVI–XVII and XXI–XXIII; p. XXI is PDF page 25
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Florentine gold-florin adoption led to a distinct Rhenish gulden monetary tradition; this was monetary integration, not a permanent one-to-one parity.
Printed pp. XVI–XVII and XXI–XXIII; p. XXI is PDF page 25
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The silver-gulden and thaler tradition grew from a deliberate gold-gulden value basis, through the Saxon and Joachimsthal standards. The regional account development is compressed here, not a sequence of separately invented coin currencies.
Printed pp. X–XII and XVI–XVII
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The Austrian accounting gulden developed from gold-gulden reckoning and was fixed at 60 kreuzer before the 1535 southern arrangements. The precise local separation date is not established.
Printed pp. 70–80, especially p. 80 on Austrian reckoning and 1535
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The Dutch gulden continues the Rhenish/Netherlandish gulden tradition through qualified regional intermediates. Its later fixed Flemish accounting basis is distinct from its gold-unit ancestry.
Printed pp. 19–20; Leuven Rhenish-gulden accounts and the fixed Flemish relationship; Appendix, printed p. 209
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Printed pp. 19–20; Leuven Rhenish-gulden accounts and the fixed Flemish relationship; Appendix, printed p. 209
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The Zürich 40-schilling accounting gulden derives from Rhenish gold-gulden reckoning. The precise formation date and every intervening local stage are not established.
Printed pp. 12 and 128, glossary Gulden; PDF pages 10 and 113
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Austria used a 60-kreuzer accounting gulden before the southern German monetary arrangements of 1535. Later convention coinage represented this older account rather than creating the gulden anew.
Printed pp. 70–80, especially p. 80 on Austrian reckoning and 1535; Printed pp. XV and XXI–XXII; PDF pages 23 and 29–30
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Printed pp. 70–80, especially p. 80 on Austrian reckoning and 1535; Printed pp. XV and XXI–XXII; PDF pages 23 and 29–30
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Zürich continued to reckon in gulden of 40 schillings after the gold coins ceased circulating. The MoneyMuseum identifies the Rhenish gold gulden as the basis of that accounting tradition.
Printed pp. 12 and 128, glossary Gulden; PDF pages 10 and 113
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.