Evidence coverage: 1947–2009. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
No distinct successor currency is established in the loaded view.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
December1947 reform established northern money as sole unlimited public/private settlement medium, converted prior common-unit instruments at par and regulated existing deposits and debts. Distinct northern settlement jurisdiction together with legal withdrawal of cross-border common instruments and handling of balances supports regional branch; do not create a Soviet-ruble parent.
Sources and qualifications →Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
KDI reports a 2009 exchange of existing notes for new notes at 100:1 while state-set prices were left unchanged.
C573Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
KDI reports a 2009 exchange of existing notes for new notes at 100:1 while state-set prices were left unchanged.
21 October 2021 dialogue, paragraph beginning While implementing a currency reform
Recover primary reform rules, cash limits and account treatment; do not extend the reported note ratio to all prices or balances.
North Korea’s December 1947 reform separated its currency from the common Korean account system by replacing Bank of Chosen and Soviet occupation notes with a sole northern settlement currency. The law directly supports conversion; identifying a distinct northern currency is the territorial-branching inference. Soviet notes are instruments in the common accounting unit, not a ruble parent.
Corrected interpretation: Revision 27 supplies a new evidence basis for R-V23-011. Distinct northern settlement jurisdiction together with legal withdrawal of cross-border common instruments and handling of balances supports regional branch; do not create a Soviet-ruble parent. Replacement evidence: C1617.
Decree 30, arts 1–3,5–6,9; Gazette No.38, 22 December 1947; Section 1947년 화폐 개혁, opening and concluding paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant Korean/Hanja transcription directly inspected.
English paraphrase is my translation of the Korean/Hanja source.
Full official archival transcription inspected.
Correction to earlier research shorthand: article 9 is a temporary debt/deposit moratorium, not a stated conversion formula for deposits; article 5 addresses pre-existing deposits and blocked surplus exchange balances.
Decree 30, arts 1–3,5–6,9; Gazette No.38, 22 December 1947; Section 1947년 화폐 개혁, opening and concluding paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
December1947 reform established northern money as sole unlimited public/private settlement medium, converted prior common-unit instruments at par and regulated existing deposits and debts.
Articles1–6,8–9
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant Korean/Hanja transcription directly inspected.
English paraphrase is my translation of the Korean/Hanja source.
Full official archival transcription inspected.
Correction to earlier research shorthand: article 9 is a temporary debt/deposit moratorium, not a stated conversion formula for deposits; article 5 addresses pre-existing deposits and blocked surplus exchange balances.