Evidence coverage: 500 BC–AD 566. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Documented accounting/payment identity; dates are observations, not complete lifespans. Retain one Roman denarius–sestertius reckoning profile, now explicitly including Republican witnesses. Sesterce amounts are related account scales, not a new generation inferred from a coin name. Political periods and the later divergence of account denarii from physical coins do not by themselves create new currency identities. Earlier bronze identity boundaries remain open. Treat Roman as, denarius and sestertius reckoning as epochs of the retained Roman account profile. Crawford describes official assessments moving from asses to sestertii; the integrated denarius system explicitly related its denominations in asses. Retariffing and denomination changes do not alone create separate currencies.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
The 301 Maximum Prices Edict expresses statutory price ceilings in denarii; its Athenian copy preserves portions covering footwear and leather goods.
Sources and qualifications →P.Oxy.12.1431, assigned to early 351, explicitly equates 225 myriads of denarii with 1,500 talents in a rug expenditure.
Sources and qualifications →The 301 Maximum Prices Edict expresses statutory price ceilings in denarii; its Athenian copy preserves portions covering footwear and leather goods. Admit an account-unit identity rather than a coin issue; 301 is an observation, not a founding year.
Sources and qualifications →Bagnall and Bransbourg identify a property transaction dated 27 March 352, P.Stras.1.9, as their earliest known Egyptian transaction specifying payment in gold coinage. An attestation and scholarly earliest-known claim, not a universal first use or a proved denarius-to-solidus conversion.
Sources and qualifications →On 8 January 57 CE, WT44 records Tibullus owing Gratus 105 denarii for merchandise sold and delivered, repayable to him or his assignee. This is an explicit contractual account denomination.
Sources and qualifications →Bagnall establishes continued drachma accounting for denarius payments after 296, at four drachmas per denarius. This supports local accounting integration, while a single universal conversion or origin of Roman currency remains unproved.
Sources and qualifications →Cicero's In Verrem 2.3.214–215 and 225 (70 BCE) reports wheat prices and commutation demands in denarii. The Latin explicitly names the unit. This is a dated literary witness to account denomination, not an original ledger or a currency founding date; the reported transactions precede the text.
Sources and qualifications →In Verrem 2.1.36–37 (70 BCE) presents submitted receipts, expenditure and a remaining balance in sesterces, with HS and nummos in the Latin. It supplies literary evidence of accounting, not a surviving ledger. Exact copied totals and the earlier transaction date are not used here.
Sources and qualifications →Pliny, Natural History 33.44–45, relates denarius, quinarius and sestertius to the as at 10/5/2½ and later 16/8/4, while reporting a military-pay exception. Record this as retrospective denomination and retariff evidence, not an external currency adoption or a firm date for either reform.
Sources and qualifications →Gaius, Institutes 1.119–122, explains the bronze-and-scales conveyance ceremony through earlier bronze payments measured by weight, including the as and its fractions. This retrospective account is a predecessor lead; it does not establish a contemporary early-Roman account observation or the precise transition into denarius reckoning.
Sources and qualifications →Bagnall and Bransbourg find gold dominant in larger Egyptian transactions after the mid-fourth century, while payments reckoned in drachmas, talents and denarii continue. Their evidence supports coexistence and changing use, not a single universal denarius-to-solidus conversion. No succession or step-parent edge is added in this pass.
Sources and qualifications →Retain one Roman denarius–sestertius reckoning profile, now explicitly including Republican witnesses. Sesterce amounts are related account scales, not a new generation inferred from a coin name. Political periods and the later divergence of account denarii from physical coins do not by themselves create new currency identities. Earlier bronze identity boundaries remain open.
Sources and qualifications →Treat Roman as, denarius and sestertius reckoning as epochs of the retained Roman account profile. Crawford describes official assessments moving from asses to sestertii; the integrated denarius system explicitly related its denominations in asses. Retariffing and denomination changes do not alone create separate currencies.
Sources and qualifications →Bernard considers reports of fifth-century BCE bronze/as fines and Twelve Tables reckoning credible evidence of early account use. Add a qualified retrospective fifth-century witness, not a surviving contemporary ledger, standardized bronze object or founding date.
Sources and qualifications →Greek and South Italian influence on Roman coin production does not by itself establish inheritance or deliberate adoption of a foreign account unit. Keep that external parent question open.
Sources and qualifications →The early denarius equalled ten asses and the sestertius two and a half. Retariffing made these sixteen and four asses while preserving four sestertii per denarius. These are denominations within the retained Roman account profile, not separate currency generations. This does not identify every provincial assarion with the Roman as.
Sources and qualifications →The antoninianus introduced in 215 is generally interpreted as a double denarius, but the tariff is inferred and debated. Record it as a coinage episode within Roman accounting, not a new currency or a terminal date for denarius reckoning.
Sources and qualifications →The301 monetary dossier from Aphrodisias values the argenteus at 100 denarii and the nummus at 25, and regulates settlement of public and private debts across the September revaluation. New coin denominations therefore did not abolish denarius accounting.
Sources and qualifications →Denarius communis is a modern scholarly expression, not an attested ancient official name. Retain it as a search alias with this qualification, not as a newly founded currency.
Sources and qualifications →P.Vrat.inv.2 lists a contribution of 3,600 myriads of denarii beside contributions in solidi. Its proposed date is around the turn of the fourth and fifth centuries. This records parallel reckoning, not termination of the older account.
Sources and qualifications →Dzierzbicka and Łajtar cite P.Oxy.55.3804.271 (566) for4,800 myriads per solidus. This supports later Egyptian myriad reckoning; association with the older denarius profile is qualified because late usage and nummus terminology changed. It is not evidence for an unchanged denarius coin or constant value.
Sources and qualifications →Literary evidence equates the Roman aureus with25 denarii or100 sesterces. Gold therefore already belonged to the earlier denomination system; it was not an unrelated monetary invention when later gold accounting emerged.
Sources and qualifications →A gold siliqua or keration is one twenty-fourth of a solidus. Rovelli rejects the assumption that the late Roman silver coins conventionally called siliquae necessarily carried that nominal value. Their modern name cannot establish a permanent peg or a denarius→antoninianus→argenteus→siliqua account genealogy.
Sources and qualifications →Bagnall’s fourth-century Egyptian evidence treats solidi and silver bullion as independently valued in denarii after324. Gold could itself denominate prices without an automatic denarius equivalence. Retain two overlapping account profiles; no fixed adopted-basis relationship is established.
Sources and qualifications →Admit a qualified gold-account branch through Roman monetary reforms: the aureus was a denomination of denarius/sestertius reckoning; gold valuation separated, and the solidus replaced the aureus and became an independent accounting basis. This is our synthesis of documented monetary transformation, not a quoted genealogical conclusion. The274–375 research envelope compresses reform and account emergence, not a founding date, fixed conversion or end of denarius reckoning.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
The 301 Maximum Prices Edict expresses statutory price ceilings in denarii; its Athenian copy preserves portions covering footwear and leather goods.
C1283P.Oxy.12.1431, assigned to early 351, explicitly equates 225 myriads of denarii with 1,500 talents in a rug expenditure.
C1287On 8 January 57 CE, WT44 records Tibullus owing Gratus 105 denarii for merchandise sold and delivered, repayable to him or his assignee. This is an explicit contractual account denomination.
C1844Cicero's In Verrem 2.3.214–215 and 225 (70 BCE) reports wheat prices and commutation demands in denarii. The Latin explicitly names the unit. This is a dated literary witness to account denomination, not an original ledger or a currency founding date; the reported transactions precede the text.
C1970In Verrem 2.1.36–37 (70 BCE) presents submitted receipts, expenditure and a remaining balance in sesterces, with HS and nummos in the Latin. It supplies literary evidence of accounting, not a surviving ledger. Exact copied totals and the earlier transaction date are not used here.
C1971Bernard considers reports of fifth-century BCE bronze/as fines and Twelve Tables reckoning credible evidence of early account use. Add a qualified retrospective fifth-century witness, not a surviving contemporary ledger, standardized bronze object or founding date.
C1982The301 monetary dossier from Aphrodisias values the argenteus at 100 denarii and the nummus at 25, and regulates settlement of public and private debts across the September revaluation. New coin denominations therefore did not abolish denarius accounting.
C2077P.Vrat.inv.2 lists a contribution of 3,600 myriads of denarii beside contributions in solidi. Its proposed date is around the turn of the fourth and fifth centuries. This records parallel reckoning, not termination of the older account.
C2079Dzierzbicka and Łajtar cite P.Oxy.55.3804.271 (566) for4,800 myriads per solidus. This supports later Egyptian myriad reckoning; association with the older denarius profile is qualified because late usage and nummus terminology changed. It is not evidence for an unchanged denarius coin or constant value.
C2080Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
Egypt’s integration into denarius accounting can be represented as a qualified local absorption beginning in 296, with older expressions continuing into the fourth century. It is not the origin of Roman currency. Local integration in Egypt; the date range combines reform and later accounting attestation, not a dated one-off conversion. The old scale continued; no claim that all Greek currencies generated Rome’s currency.
Chapter 2, printed pp.9–11; Section 1: first three paragraphs and discussion of P.Oxy.12.1431; section 2.1 opening paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Chapter 2, printed pp.9–11; Section 1: first three paragraphs and discussion of P.Oxy.12.1431; section 2.1 opening paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant article body read through author-uploaded Academia transcription.
Relevant substantive sections read in author-uploaded full-text transcription at https://www.academia.edu/38465693/The_Constantian_Monetary_Revolution .
Original papyri not collated; P.Stras.1.9 reader was blocked by a bot check.
The 301 Maximum Prices Edict expresses statutory price ceilings in denarii; its Athenian copy preserves portions covering footwear and leather goods.
Chapters 9–10, surviving Athenian copy; note 1; CIL III p.1913, Plataiai: preamble and grain-price entries
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full published translation and substantive commentary read.
Chapters 9–10, surviving Athenian copy; note 1; CIL III p.1913, Plataiai: preamble and grain-price entries
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Latin transcription inspected.
P.Oxy.12.1431, assigned to early 351, explicitly equates 225 myriads of denarii with 1,500 talents in a rug expenditure.
Section 1: first three paragraphs and discussion of P.Oxy.12.1431; section 2.1 opening paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant article body read through author-uploaded Academia transcription.
Relevant substantive sections read in author-uploaded full-text transcription at https://www.academia.edu/38465693/The_Constantian_Monetary_Revolution .
Original papyri not collated; P.Stras.1.9 reader was blocked by a bot check.
The 301 Maximum Prices Edict expresses statutory price ceilings in denarii; its Athenian copy preserves portions covering footwear and leather goods. Admit an account-unit identity rather than a coin issue; 301 is an observation, not a founding year.
Chapters 9–10, surviving Athenian copy; note 1; CIL III p.1913, Plataiai: preamble and grain-price entries
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full published translation and substantive commentary read.
Chapters 9–10, surviving Athenian copy; note 1; CIL III p.1913, Plataiai: preamble and grain-price entries
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Latin transcription inspected.
After the Alexandrian tetradrachm ceased to be minted in 296, Egyptian drachma accounting continued for payments made in denarii, reckoned at four drachmas per denarius. This concerns actual accounting persistence during monetary integration, beyond an isolated exchange quotation.
Chapter 2, printed pp.9–11
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The denarius did not wholly displace Egyptian drachma-and-talent accounting; the drachma term declined during the fourth century while talent reckoning persisted. Do not represent 296 as instant extinction of local accounting.
Chapter 2, printed pp.9–11; Section 1: first three paragraphs and discussion of P.Oxy.12.1431; section 2.1 opening paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Chapter 2, printed pp.9–11; Section 1: first three paragraphs and discussion of P.Oxy.12.1431; section 2.1 opening paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant article body read through author-uploaded Academia transcription.
Relevant substantive sections read in author-uploaded full-text transcription at https://www.academia.edu/38465693/The_Constantian_Monetary_Revolution .
Original papyri not collated; P.Stras.1.9 reader was blocked by a bot check.
P.Oxy.12.1431, assigned to early 351, explicitly equates 225 myriads of denarii with 1,500 talents in a rug expenditure. Documented common valuation: 1,500 denarii per talent. Exact day is uncertain; use year 351.
Section 1: first three paragraphs and discussion of P.Oxy.12.1431; section 2.1 opening paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant article body read through author-uploaded Academia transcription.
Relevant substantive sections read in author-uploaded full-text transcription at https://www.academia.edu/38465693/The_Constantian_Monetary_Revolution .
Original papyri not collated; P.Stras.1.9 reader was blocked by a bot check.
Egypt’s integration into denarius accounting can be represented as a qualified local absorption beginning in 296, with older expressions continuing into the fourth century. It is not the origin of Roman currency. One local later-absorption edge; founding_predecessor=false. Do not use it to infer Greek parentage for Rome’s original denarius.
Chapter 2, printed pp.9–11; Section 1: first three paragraphs and discussion of P.Oxy.12.1431; section 2.1 opening paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Chapter 2, printed pp.9–11; Section 1: first three paragraphs and discussion of P.Oxy.12.1431; section 2.1 opening paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant article body read through author-uploaded Academia transcription.
Relevant substantive sections read in author-uploaded full-text transcription at https://www.academia.edu/38465693/The_Constantian_Monetary_Revolution .
Original papyri not collated; P.Stras.1.9 reader was blocked by a bot check.
Bagnall and Bransbourg identify a property transaction dated 27 March 352, P.Stras.1.9, as their earliest known Egyptian transaction specifying payment in gold coinage. An attestation and scholarly earliest-known claim, not a universal first use or a proved denarius-to-solidus conversion.
Section 1: first three paragraphs and discussion of P.Oxy.12.1431; section 2.1 opening paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant article body read through author-uploaded Academia transcription.
Relevant substantive sections read in author-uploaded full-text transcription at https://www.academia.edu/38465693/The_Constantian_Monetary_Revolution .
Original papyri not collated; P.Stras.1.9 reader was blocked by a bot check.
On 8 January 57 AD, WT44 records Tibullus owing Gratus 105 denarii for merchandise sold and delivered, repayable to him or his assignee. This is an explicit contractual account denomination.
WT44 lines 1–8; translation and commentary 1–3, 4–5
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full edition, translation, dating and debt-formula commentary inspected.
Bagnall establishes continued drachma accounting for denarius payments after 296, at four drachmas per denarius. This supports local accounting integration, while a single universal conversion or origin of Roman currency remains unproved.
pp. 9–11, Denarius and Drachma
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Cicero's In Verrem 2.3.214–215 and 225 (70 BC) reports wheat prices and commutation demands in denarii. The Latin explicitly names the unit. This is a dated literary witness to account denomination, not an original ledger or a currency founding date; the reported transactions precede the text.
Sections 214–215 and 225
Published primary text in translation inspected.
Chapter 92, sections 214–215
In Verrem 2.1.36–37 (70 BC) presents submitted receipts, expenditure and a remaining balance in sesterces, with HS and nummos in the Latin. It supplies literary evidence of accounting, not a surviving ledger. Exact copied totals and the earlier transaction date are not used here.
Chapter 14, sections 36–37
Numerical transcription discrepancies are not used for a reconstructed balance.
Chapter 14, sections 36–37
Pliny, Natural History 33.44–45, relates denarius, quinarius and sestertius to the as at 10/5/2½ and later 16/8/4, while reporting a military-pay exception. Record this as retrospective denomination and retariff evidence, not an external currency adoption or a firm date for either reform.
Sections 42–46, especially 44–45
Gaius, Institutes 1.119–122, explains the bronze-and-scales conveyance ceremony through earlier bronze payments measured by weight, including the as and its fractions. This retrospective account is a predecessor lead; it does not establish a contemporary early-Roman account observation or the precise transition into denarius reckoning.
Book I, sections 119–122
Primary legal explanation inspected in translation.
Bagnall and Bransbourg find gold dominant in larger Egyptian transactions after the mid-fourth century, while payments reckoned in drachmas, talents and denarii continue. Their evidence supports coexistence and changing use, not a single universal denarius-to-solidus conversion. No succession or step-parent edge is added in this pass.
Corrected interpretation: Revision 39 preserves the earlier coexistence finding but replaces its hold on ancestry with a qualified gold-account reform branch. No fixed conversion is inferred. Replacement evidence: C2084.
Section 1, opening paragraphs; section 2.1 opening
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant article body read through author-uploaded Academia transcription.
Relevant substantive sections read in author-uploaded full-text transcription at https://www.academia.edu/38465693/The_Constantian_Monetary_Revolution .
Original papyri not collated; P.Stras.1.9 reader was blocked by a bot check.
Retain one Roman denarius–sestertius reckoning profile, now explicitly including Republican witnesses. Sesterce amounts are related account scales, not a new generation inferred from a coin name. Political periods and the later divergence of account denarii from physical coins do not by themselves create new currency identities. Earlier bronze identity boundaries remain open.
Sections 214–215 and 225
Published primary text in translation inspected.
Chapter 14, sections 36–37
Numerical transcription discrepancies are not used for a reconstructed balance.
Sections 42–46, especially 44–45
Section 1, opening paragraphs; section 2.1 opening
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full relevant article body read through author-uploaded Academia transcription.
Relevant substantive sections read in author-uploaded full-text transcription at https://www.academia.edu/38465693/The_Constantian_Monetary_Revolution .
Original papyri not collated; P.Stras.1.9 reader was blocked by a bot check.
Treat Roman as, denarius and sestertius reckoning as epochs of the retained Roman account profile. Crawford describes official assessments moving from asses to sestertii; the integrated denarius system explicitly related its denominations in asses. Retariffing and denomination changes do not alone create separate currencies.
Publisher opening excerpt; chapter pp. 621–632; Section II, What and when; notes 39–48
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Only the publisher opening excerpt inspected; full chapter was not accessed.
Publisher opening excerpt; chapter pp. 621–632; Section II, What and when; notes 39–48
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Bernard considers reports of fifth-century BC bronze/as fines and Twelve Tables reckoning credible evidence of early account use. Add a qualified retrospective fifth-century witness, not a surviving contemporary ledger, standardized bronze object or founding date.
Section II, opening paragraphs and notes 36–40
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Greek and South Italian influence on Roman coin production does not by itself establish inheritance or deliberate adoption of a foreign account unit. Keep that external parent question open.
Section II, opening paragraphs and notes 36–40; Section II, What and when; notes 39–48
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Section II, opening paragraphs and notes 36–40; Section II, What and when; notes 39–48
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The early denarius equalled ten asses and the sestertius two and a half. Retariffing made these sixteen and four asses while preserving four sestertii per denarius. These are denominations within the retained Roman account profile, not separate currency generations. This does not identify every provincial assarion with the Roman as.
Note 27, printed pp.16–17: Varro 5.173 and retariffing
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The antoninianus introduced in 215 is generally interpreted as a double denarius, but the tariff is inferred and debated. Record it as a coinage episode within Roman accounting, not a new currency or a terminal date for denarius reckoning.
pp.194–200, especially p.199 n.136: antoninianus valuation historiography
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The301 monetary dossier from Aphrodisias values the argenteus at 100 denarii and the nummus at 25, and regulates settlement of public and private debts across the September revaluation. New coin denominations therefore did not abolish denarius accounting.
Section II, I.Aph.230e lower block lines 1–2 and 3ff.: tariffs and public/private debts; pp.168–171: integrated denominations, independent gold valuation, argenteus tariff; p.176: later denarius semantics
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Section II, I.Aph.230e lower block lines 1–2 and 3ff.: tariffs and public/private debts; pp.168–171: integrated denominations, independent gold valuation, argenteus tariff; p.176: later denarius semantics
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Denarius communis is a modern scholarly expression, not an attested ancient official name. Retain it as a search alias with this qualification, not as a newly founded currency.
Author repository abstract: modern origin of denarius communis terminology
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Author-repository abstract inspected; full article not inspected.
P.Vrat.inv.2 lists a contribution of 3,600 myriads of denarii beside contributions in solidi. Its proposed date is around the turn of the fourth and fifth centuries. This records parallel reckoning, not termination of the older account.
pp.37–39: mixed contributions; p.37 P.Oxy.55.3804.271 dated 566
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Scholarly article transcription inspected through p.39; original P.Oxy.3804 and images not independently collated.
Dzierzbicka and Łajtar cite P.Oxy.55.3804.271 (566) for4,800 myriads per solidus. This supports later Egyptian myriad reckoning; association with the older denarius profile is qualified because late usage and nummus terminology changed. It is not evidence for an unchanged denarius coin or constant value.
pp.37–39: mixed contributions; p.37 P.Oxy.55.3804.271 dated 566; pp.168–171: integrated denominations, independent gold valuation, argenteus tariff; p.176: later denarius semantics
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Scholarly article transcription inspected through p.39; original P.Oxy.3804 and images not independently collated.
pp.37–39: mixed contributions; p.37 P.Oxy.55.3804.271 dated 566; pp.168–171: integrated denominations, independent gold valuation, argenteus tariff; p.176: later denarius semantics
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Literary evidence equates the Roman aureus with25 denarii or100 sesterces. Gold therefore already belonged to the earlier denomination system; it was not an unrelated monetary invention when later gold accounting emerged.
p.40 publisher extract: aureus equals 25 denarii or 100 sesterces
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Publisher extract at p.40 inspected; complete article not inspected.
A gold siliqua or keration is one twenty-fourth of a solidus. Rovelli rejects the assumption that the late Roman silver coins conventionally called siliquae necessarily carried that nominal value. Their modern name cannot establish a permanent peg or a denarius→antoninianus→argenteus→siliqua account genealogy.
pp.64–66: Constantinian reform, aureus replacement and silver-siliqua naming problem
Coinage continuity supports a qualified seventh-century extension, not a complete local account sequence.
Bagnall’s fourth-century Egyptian evidence treats solidi and silver bullion as independently valued in denarii after324. Gold could itself denominate prices without an automatic denarius equivalence. Retain two overlapping account profiles; no fixed adopted-basis relationship is established.
pp.71–72, especially n.17: independent gold and silver values and parallel accounting
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Admit a qualified gold-account branch through Roman monetary reforms: the aureus was a denomination of denarius/sestertius reckoning; gold valuation separated, and the solidus replaced the aureus and became an independent accounting basis. This is our synthesis of documented monetary transformation, not a quoted genealogical conclusion. The274–375 research envelope compresses reform and account emergence, not a founding date, fixed conversion or end of denarius reckoning.
p.40 publisher extract: aureus equals 25 denarii or 100 sesterces; pp.168–171: integrated denominations, independent gold valuation, argenteus tariff; p.176: later denarius semantics; pp.64–66: Constantinian reform, aureus replacement and silver-siliqua naming problem
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Publisher extract at p.40 inspected; complete article not inspected.
p.40 publisher extract: aureus equals 25 denarii or 100 sesterces; pp.168–171: integrated denominations, independent gold valuation, argenteus tariff; p.176: later denarius semantics; pp.64–66: Constantinian reform, aureus replacement and silver-siliqua naming problem
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
p.40 publisher extract: aureus equals 25 denarii or 100 sesterces; pp.168–171: integrated denominations, independent gold valuation, argenteus tariff; p.176: later denarius semantics; pp.64–66: Constantinian reform, aureus replacement and silver-siliqua naming problem
Coinage continuity supports a qualified seventh-century extension, not a complete local account sequence.