Evidence coverage: 1674–1683. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
No distinct predecessor currency is established in the loaded view.
No distinct successor currency is established in the loaded view.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
The 1674 Aungier Convention sets an annual 20,000-xeraphin contribution. This supports a scoped Bombay account, without assuming identity with every Portuguese xerafim.
Sources and qualifications →Bombay rice prices in 1683 and soldiers’ wage reckoning use xeraphins even where settlement employs tin or copper coins.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
The 1674 Aungier Convention sets an annual 20,000-xeraphin contribution. This supports a scoped Bombay account, without assuming identity with every Portuguese xerafim.
C2045Bombay rice prices in 1683 and soldiers’ wage reckoning use xeraphins even where settlement employs tin or copper coins.
C2046Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
The 1674 Aungier Convention sets an annual 20,000-xeraphin contribution. This supports a scoped Bombay account, without assuming identity with every Portuguese xerafim.
pp.171–172 nn.85–86:1674 convention; pp.174–175 n.97:1683 prices and wages; DOI10.1017/9781009602099
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Bombay rice prices in 1683 and soldiers’ wage reckoning use xeraphins even where settlement employs tin or copper coins.
pp.171–172 nn.85–86:1674 convention; pp.174–175 n.97:1683 prices and wages; DOI10.1017/9781009602099
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.