Evidence coverage: 1512–1515. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
The Pires edition was checked directly; it records both merchandise prices and a levy in calains. The account identity is supported at its stated 1512–1515 narrative scope.
No distinct predecessor currency is established in the loaded view.
No distinct successor currency is established in the loaded view.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
Pires’ account, written in 1512–1515 and quoted in Gianno’s preprint, says merchandise at Melaka was priced in calains and paid in tin or gold; 100 cash made a calain. This supports a local account unit, provisionally qualified because the edition itself was not inspected.
Sources and qualifications →Pires’s Suma Oriental, written in 1512–1515, directly describes merchandise priced in calains, with payment in tin or gold and 100 cash to a calain. The preceding page reckons a levy on weighing merchandise as one calain per hundred of its value. Both commercial and fiscal accounting are therefore documented; no particular settlement material is made the currency’s ancestor.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
Pires’ account, written in 1512–1515 and quoted in Gianno’s preprint, says merchandise at Melaka was priced in calains and paid in tin or gold; 100 cash made a calain. This supports a local account unit, provisionally qualified because the edition itself was not inspected.
C2138Pires’s Suma Oriental, written in 1512–1515, directly describes merchandise priced in calains, with payment in tin or gold and 100 cash to a calain. The preceding page reckons a levy on weighing merchandise as one calain per hundred of its value. Both commercial and fiscal accounting are therefore documented; no particular settlement material is made the currency’s ancestor.
C2156Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
Pires’ account, written in 1512–1515 and quoted in Gianno’s preprint, says merchandise at Melaka was priced in calains and paid in tin or gold; 100 cash made a calain. This supports a local account unit, provisionally qualified because the edition itself was not inspected.
Corrected interpretation: Direct edition-level verification replaces the access limitation of the earlier intermediary. Replacement evidence: C2156.
Section 8, printed pp. 22–23; quotation of Suma Oriental (written 1512–1515), edition p. 275
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Pires’s Suma Oriental, written in 1512–1515, directly describes merchandise priced in calains, with payment in tin or gold and 100 cash to a calain. The preceding page reckons a levy on weighing merchandise as one calain per hundred of its value. Both commercial and fiscal accounting are therefore documented; no particular settlement material is made the currency’s ancestor.
Printed pp. 274–275; PDF pp. 59–60: merchandise prices, weighing levy and calain/cash reckoning; narrative written 1512–1515
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.