Evidence coverage: 1978–1999. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
The December 1978 resolution specifies identical initial ECU and EUA value/composition and plans EMS establishment for 1 January 1979.
C654Inference: BIS dates signature of the EMS/ECU agreement in Basel to 13 March 1979, separately from the earlier planned January start.
C655Defined ECU references in legal instruments become euro references at 1:1 from 1 January 1999; an undefined ECU reference carries a rebuttable presumption.
C642Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
Defined ECU references in legal instruments become euro references at 1:1 from 1 January 1999; an undefined ECU reference carries a rebuttable presumption.
art.2(1), (3)
ECU definition/presumption and contractual exceptions matter; arithmetic uses the published national-units-per-euro rate, not a rounded inverse.
The 1994 ECU definition includes sterling and Danish-krone components; basket inclusion is distinct from later national euro adoption.
art.1 component names, not malformed numeric weights
HTML numeric table is malformed; no component weights are adopted from it.
Basket membership is not evidence that each currency was replaced by the euro.
The December 1978 resolution specifies identical initial ECU and EUA value/composition and plans EMS establishment for 1 January 1979.
Annex 1, sections 1.2 and 2.1, PDF pp.8–9
The 1 January 1979 start is a plan in this resolution; the later operational agreement is separately dated.
EUA value/composition continuity does not imply retail banknotes.
BIS dates signature of the EMS/ECU agreement in Basel to 13 March 1979, separately from the earlier planned January start.
1973–1993 timeline, 13 March 1979 entry
Retrospective date of the signed EMS/ECU agreement; complete operating agreement and reserve-asset mechanics remain uninspected.
Decision 80/1184 replaces the EUA with ECU for covered ACP assistance and previous-convention operations from 1 January 1981.
arts.1 and 3
Sectoral substitution applies from 1 January 1981.
It is not the ECU’s first creation or a universal 1981 replacement of every European unit.
Official ECU references in legal instruments were replaced by euro references at one euro per ECU from 1 January 1999. Existing C 642 retains the rebuttable presumption for undefined ECU references.
ECB annex §1; retained C642 / Regulation1103/97 art2
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Original Regulation 1103/97 retrieval blocked by anti-bot page; existing S346/C642 retained without claiming fresh full-law retrieval.
ECB annex §1; retained C642 / Regulation1103/97 art2
ECU definition/presumption and contractual exceptions matter; arithmetic uses the published national-units-per-euro rate, not a rounded inverse.
From 1 January 1981, specified ACP financial assistance and operations under previous conventions switched from EUA to ECU accounting. This is a sectoral absorption into the existing ECU, not proof of the final use of every EUA account.
Articles1 and3
Sectoral substitution applies from 1 January 1981.
It is not the ECU’s first creation or a universal 1981 replacement of every European unit.
Official ECU legal-account references converted to euro; undefined contractual references retain the recorded legal qualification.
ECB annex §1; retained C642
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Original Regulation 1103/97 retrieval blocked by anti-bot page; existing S346/C642 retained without claiming fresh full-law retrieval.
ECB annex §1; retained C642
ECU definition/presumption and contractual exceptions matter; arithmetic uses the published national-units-per-euro rate, not a rounded inverse.