Evidence coverage: 1860–2002. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
One new Finnish markka replaced 100 old markkaa.
100 Finnish markka — pre-1963 scale per 1 Finnish markkaV0180 · One new Finnish markka replaced 100 old markkaa.
C861Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
1 EUR = 5.94573 FIM. Finland: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C670, C671, C646Finland: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
C671Inference: Finland introduced the markka as one quarter of a silver ruble in 1860, replacing rubles in accounts and transactions from 1863. A staged unit derivation within the Russian Empire, not instantaneous withdrawal of every Russian coin.
C860One new Finnish markka replaced 100 old markkaa.
C861Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
1 EUR = 5.94573 FIM.
art.1, Finland currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Finland: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Finland row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
Finland introduced the markka as one quarter of a silver ruble in 1860, replacing rubles in accounts and transactions from 1863. A staged unit derivation within the Russian Empire, not instantaneous withdrawal of every Russian coin.
Printed p. 229, Towards monetary reform: 1860 proclamation and 1863 replacement in accounts
Relevant indexed paragraphs inspected; full PDF fetch timed out.
No claim of full-volume inspection.
Relevant indexed passage inspected in revision 13; Printed p. 229, Towards monetary reform: 1860 proclamation and 1863 replacement in accounts
One new Finnish markka replaced 100 old markkaa.
Finland, PDF p. 89
Historical reference, not a 2026 legal-status audit.
Only selected country milestones used.
Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
arts.1, 1a, 2–3
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.