Currency identities

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1001, C1010, C1011

• 1568–1694: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Brazilian réis developed from Portuguese money, with imported coin circulation followed by provincial recoinage. C1001
• 1435: unit_attestation: Banco de Portugal traces the real replaced in 1911 to the reign of Duarte, by 1435. C1010
• 1911-05-22: redenominated_as: Portugal established the escudo at one thousand réis per escudo. C1011

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1014, C1015, C1013, C1012

• 1983-06-01: redenominated_as: Peso ley converted into Peso argentino at 10000 old units per new unit. C1014
• 1985-06-15: redenominated_as: Peso argentino converted into Austral at 1000 old units per new unit. C1015
• 1970-01-01: redenominated_as: Peso moneda nacional converted into Peso ley at 100 old units per new unit. C1013
• 1983-06-01: redenominated_as: Peso ley converted into Peso argentino at 10000 old units per new unit. C1014
• 1881-11-05: unit_attestation: Argentina’s national monetary line dates to the 1881 peso moneda nacional reform. C1012
• 1970-01-01: redenominated_as: Peso moneda nacional converted into Peso ley at 100 old units per new unit. C1013

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1015, C1016

• 1985-06-15: redenominated_as: Peso argentino converted into Austral at 1000 old units per new unit. C1015
• 1992-01-01: redenominated_as: Austral converted into Argentine peso at 10000 old units per new unit. C1016

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C490, C1016

• 1 January 1992: 1 January 1992 C490
• 1992-01-01: redenominated_as: Austral converted into Argentine peso at 10000 old units per new unit. C1016

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1019, C1023

• 1963-01-01: redenominated_as: Boliviano converted into Peso boliviano at 1000 old units per new unit. C1019
• 1863-06-29: unit_attestation: Bolivia’s 1863 law established its decimal boliviano or peso fuerte. C1023

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1019, C1020

• 1963-01-01: redenominated_as: Boliviano converted into Peso boliviano at 1000 old units per new unit. C1019
• 1987-01-01: redenominated_as: Peso boliviano converted into Boliviano at 1000000 old units per new unit. C1020

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C491, C1020

• 1 January 1987: 1 January 1987 C491
• 1987-01-01: redenominated_as: Peso boliviano converted into Boliviano at 1000000 old units per new unit. C1020

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1017

• 1960-01-01: redenominated_as: Chilean peso converted into Chilean escudo at 1000 old units per new unit. C1017

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1017, C1018

• 1960-01-01: redenominated_as: Chilean peso converted into Chilean escudo at 1000 old units per new unit. C1017
• 1975-09-29: redenominated_as: Chilean escudo converted into Chilean peso at 1000 old units per new unit. C1018

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C587, C1018

• 1975: rescaling; exact date under review: 1975: rescaling; exact date under review C587
• 1975-09-29: redenominated_as: Chilean escudo converted into Chilean peso at 1000 old units per new unit. C1018

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C570

• 1923: provisional central-bank notes: 1923: provisional central-bank notes C570

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C558, C995

• 28 June 1904: law date: 28 June 1904: law date C558
• 1904-06-20: initially_valued_at: The new Panamanian gold peso, named balboa, used the contemporary US dollar weight and fineness at parity. C995

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C492

• 1896: 1896 C492

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C992

• 1924-11: currency_replacement: The quetzal replaced the Guatemalan peso at sixty pesos per quetzal. C992

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C495, C992, C993

• November 1924: November 1924 C495
• 1924-11: currency_replacement: The quetzal replaced the Guatemalan peso at sixty pesos per quetzal. C992
• 1924-11: initially_valued_at: The new quetzal was defined as equal to one US dollar at its creation. C993

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C493

• 3 April 1926: creation, not first circulation: 3 April 1926: creation, not first circulation C493

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C997

• 1912–1913: currency_replacement: The córdoba succeeded Nicaragua’s peso-denominated treasury currency under the 1912 law, circulating in 1913. C997

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C999, C1000, C997, C998

• 1988-02: redenominated_as: The new córdoba replaced the old córdoba at one to one thousand. C999
• 1990–1991: currency_replacement: The córdoba oro supplemented and then replaced the 1988 córdoba. C1000
• 1912–1913: currency_replacement: The córdoba succeeded Nicaragua’s peso-denominated treasury currency under the 1912 law, circulating in 1913. C997
• 1912-03-20: initially_valued_at: The first córdoba was established at the value of one US dollar. C998
• 1988-02: redenominated_as: The new córdoba replaced the old córdoba at one to one thousand. C999

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C497, C1000

• 30 April 1991: sole legal currency: 30 April 1991: sole legal currency C497
• 1990–1991: currency_replacement: The córdoba oro supplemented and then replaced the 1988 córdoba. C1000

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C598

• January 2001: statutory rate reported by official survey: January 2001: statutory rate reported by official survey C598

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1021

• 1985-02-01: redenominated_as: Sol de oro converted into Inti at 1000 old units per new unit. C1021

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1021, C1022

• 1985-02-01: redenominated_as: Sol de oro converted into Inti at 1000 old units per new unit. C1021
• 1991-07-01: redenominated_as: Inti converted into Peruvian sol at 1000000 old units per new unit. C1022

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C536, C1022

• 1 July 1991: 1 July 1991 C536
• 1991-07-01: redenominated_as: Inti converted into Peruvian sol at 1000000 old units per new unit. C1022

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C494

• 5 October 1943: unit creation: 5 October 1943: unit creation C494

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C535

• 1 March 1993: 1 March 1993 C535

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C580, C581, C601

• 1 October 2021: scale and coexistence provisions: 1 October 2021: scale and coexistence provisions C580, C581, C601

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C599

• 1 January 2021: statutory unification start: 1 January 2021: statutory unification start C599

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C496, C994

• 1947: modern central-bank paper issue: 1947: modern central-bank paper issue C496
• 1947-10-23: currency_replacement: National Dominican peso notes replaced circulating US dollars in the 1947 monetary reform. C994

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C524

• 10 June 1962: 10 June 1962 C524

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C573

• 2009: 2009 C573

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C554

• By 2 May 1978: unification and recall account: By 2 May 1978: unification and recall account C554

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C549

• 1979: 1979 C549

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1001, C1002

• 1568–1694: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Brazilian réis developed from Portuguese money, with imported coin circulation followed by provincial recoinage. C1001
• 1942-11-01: redenominated_as: Brazilian real (réis) converted into Cruzeiro at 1000 old units per new unit. C1002

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1002, C1003, C1004, C1008

• 1942-11-01: redenominated_as: Brazilian real (réis) converted into Cruzeiro at 1000 old units per new unit. C1002
• 1967-02-13: redenominated_as: Cruzeiro converted into Cruzeiro novo / cruzeiro at 1000 old units per new unit. C1003
• 1967-02-13: redenominated_as: Cruzeiro converted into Cruzeiro novo / cruzeiro at 1000 old units per new unit. C1003
• 1986-02-28: redenominated_as: Cruzeiro novo / cruzeiro converted into Cruzado at 1000 old units per new unit. C1004
• 1970-05-15: unit_name_change: Cruzeiro novo was renamed cruzeiro without rescaling. C1008

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C1004, C1005, C1006, C1007, C1009

• 1986-02-28: redenominated_as: Cruzeiro novo / cruzeiro converted into Cruzado at 1000 old units per new unit. C1004
• 1989-01-16: redenominated_as: Cruzado converted into Cruzado novo / cruzeiro at 1000 old units per new unit. C1005
• 1993-08-01: redenominated_as: Cruzado novo / cruzeiro converted into Cruzeiro real at 1000 old units per new unit. C1006
• 1994-07-01: redenominated_as: Cruzeiro real converted into Brazilian real at 2750 old units per new unit. C1007
• 1989-01-16: redenominated_as: Cruzado converted into Cruzado novo / cruzeiro at 1000 old units per new unit. C1005
• 1993-08-01: redenominated_as: Cruzado novo / cruzeiro converted into Cruzeiro real at 1000 old units per new unit. C1006
• 1990-03-16: unit_name_change: Cruzado novo was renamed cruzeiro at par. C1009

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C534, C1007

• 1 July 1994: 1 July 1994 C534
• 1994-07-01: redenominated_as: Cruzeiro real converted into Brazilian real at 2750 old units per new unit. C1007

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C682, C683, C1011

• Portugal: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Portugal: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C682, C683, C646
• Portugal: euro cash legal-tender start: Portugal: euro cash legal-tender start C683
• 1911-05-22: redenominated_as: Portugal established the escudo at one thousand réis per escudo. C1011

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C584

• 1977: national issue: 1977: national issue C584

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C569

• 1977: 1977 C569

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C561

• 1 July 2006: 1 July 2006 C561

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C562

• May 2017: published plan for 2018 reform: May 2017: published plan for 2018 reform C562

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C668, C669

• Spain: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Spain: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C668, C669, C646
• Spain: euro cash legal-tender start: Spain: euro cash legal-tender start C669

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C571

• May 1813: paper issue: May 1813: paper issue C571

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C672, C673, C212, C219, C220, C732, C733, C734, C735, C736, C737, C738, C740, C742, C745, C746, C748, C749, C752, C753, C773, C774, C778, C781, C782, C783, C977, C978, C980, C981, C982

• France: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: France: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C672, C673, C646
• France: euro cash legal-tender start: France: euro cash legal-tender start C673
• 1795: 1795 franc authorization C220
• 1795-04-07: name_revival: The revolutionary monetary unit reuses the historic franc name. C732
• 1795-04-07: unit_replacement: The law of 18 germinal III names the franc in place of the livre. C733
• 1795-08-15: metal_standard: The silver franc is defined as 5 g at 900‰ fineness: 4.5 g fine silver. C734
• 1796-04: conversion_tariff: The tariff equates 1.0125 livres tournois with 1 franc. C735
• 1803-03-28: standard_reform: The germinal reform establishes the franc’s bimetallic regime. C736
• 1960-01-01: redenomination: The new franc replaces 100 old francs. C737
• 1999-01-01: currency_replacement: The euro succeeds the French franc at the irrevocable conversion rate. C738
• 2002-02-17: legal_tender_end: France’s dual-circulation period ends. C740
• colonial period before 1945: regional_circulation: Metropolitan French coins circulate in colonial Guinea. C742
• 1945-12-26: peg: Initial CFA/metropolitan parity. C745
• 1945-12-26: peg: Initial Pacific/metropolitan parity. C746
• 1948-10-17: peg: The CFA parity becomes two old French francs. C748
• 1960-01-01: peg: France’s new unit restates the CFA parity. C749
• 1994-01-12: peg: Western CFA devaluation takes effect. C752
• 1994-01-12: peg: Central CFA devaluation takes effect. C753
• 1979-11-23: agreement_signed: Signed cooperation agreement defines the Comorian parity. C773
• 1994-01-12: peg: Comoros adopts its distinct devalued parity. C774
• 1799-03-19: decimal_model_adoption: The Helvetic franc uses a French-inspired decimal scheme on a Bernese monetary basis. C778
• 1850: standard_adoption: The federal Swiss franc adopts the French silver-franc standard. C781
• 1832-06-05: standard_adoption: Belgium legislates the French decimal silver-franc standard. C782
• 1865-12-23: standard_coordination: France participates in the Latin Monetary Union convention. C783
• 1945-12-26: territorial_currency_separation: The CFA unit separates from the metropolitan-franc monetary system in the 1945 reform. C977
• 1945-12-26: territorial_currency_separation: The Pacific franc separates from the metropolitan-franc monetary system in the same reform. C978
• 1925–1926: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Distinct Malagasy franc issues followed the French currency introduced after annexation in 1896. C980
• 1891: unit_standard_adoption: Tunisia replaced its piastre system with the French franc unit in 1891. C981
• 1865-12-23: unit_standard_adoption: The 1865 convention codifies a common franc coinage standard with France as one participating monetary system. C982

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C504, C946

• 19 April 1975: 19 April 1975 C504
• 1975-04-19: territorial_currency_replacement: The kina succeeded Australian dollars in Papua New Guinea. C946

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C939, C940, C941

• 1921: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Tongan government pound notes supplemented the British currency already in use. C939
• 1967-04-03: decimal_currency_replacement: One Tongan pound converted to two paʻanga. C940
• 1936: exchange_rate_change: The Tongan pound moved to 1.25 per sterling pound, matching the Australian pound. C941

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C505, C940

• 3 April 1967: 3 April 1967 C505
• 1967-04-03: decimal_currency_replacement: One Tongan pound converted to two paʻanga. C940

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C942, C943

• 1962–1967: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Post-independence Samoa’s local bank issue succeeded the Bank of New Zealand pound-note system. C942
• 1967-07-10: decimal_currency_replacement: Samoa converted its existing pound unit to two tala per pound. C943

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C596, C943

• 10 July 1967: 10 July 1967 C596
• 1967-07-10: decimal_currency_replacement: Samoa converted its existing pound unit to two tala per pound. C943

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C947, C948

• 1922: territorial_unit_derivation: The South African pound retained the British pound coin system while national notes succeeded commercial-bank issues. C947
• 1961-02-14: decimal_currency_replacement: South Africa replaced its pound with two rand per pound. C948

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C508, C950

• 6 September 1974: 6 September 1974 C508
• 1974-09-06: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: The lilangeni became local money alongside the rand, with equal value and a programme to return rand cash. C950

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C498, C949

• 23 August 1976: 23 August 1976 C498
• 1976-08-23: territorial_currency_replacement: Botswana introduced the pula in exchange for the rand at par. C949

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C592, C951

• January 1980: January 1980 C592
• 1980-01: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Lesotho introduced the loti at par with the previously circulating rand. C951

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C626, C632, C633, C634, C635, C636

• 20 December 1963 order; currency survives political dissolution: 20 December 1963 order; currency survives political dissolution C633, C634

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C621, C622, C623, C625

• 15 February 1971; Part III commencement in consolidation: 15 February 1971; Part III commencement in consolidation C621, C622

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C560, C621, C622, C623, C624, C625

• February 1971: February 1971 C560
• 15 February 1971; actual old cash withdrawal not established: 15 February 1971; actual old cash withdrawal not established C621, C622, C623

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C626, C627, C638

• 16 November 1964; Bundesbank metadata, original Act pending: 16 November 1964; Bundesbank metadata, original Act pending C626
• 16 January 1968; two original-scale kwacha per pound: 16 January 1968; two original-scale kwacha per pound C627

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C578, C627, C628, C629, C637, C638

• 1 January 2013: 1 January 2013 C578
• 16 January 1968; original-scale kwacha: 16 January 1968; original-scale kwacha C627
• 1 January 2013; 1 new kwacha per 1,000 old: 1 January 2013; 1 new kwacha per 1,000 old C628, C629

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C530, C945

• 1 May 1972: 1 May 1972 C530
• 1972-05-01: territorial_currency_replacement: Cayman currency replaced Jamaican dollars at equal unit value during the 1972 changeover. C945

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C550, C989

• 16 October 1899: order commencement: 16 October 1899: order commencement C550
• 1899–1923: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Local Falkland pound notes supplemented British sterling under the 1899 order, as reported in 1923. C989

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C600

• 1975: underlying ordinance; provisions read in later consolidation: 1975: underlying ordinance; provisions read in later consolidation C600

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C502

• 4 September 1985: 4 September 1985 C502

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C503

• 1 July 1950: 1 July 1950 C503

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C521

• Early 1952: Early 1952 C521

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C466, C467, C468, C469, C472, C474, C475, C476, C612, C613, C614, C615, C616, C617, C618, C619, C620, C640, C641, C991

• 30 May 1921 parliamentary announcement; not first issue: 30 May 1921 parliamentary announcement; not first issue C476
• September 1967: Kenya only; exact day unresolved: September 1967: Kenya only; exact day unresolved C474
• April 1969: Kenya only; exact day unresolved: April 1969: Kenya only; exact day unresolved C474
• 1 January 1922, Kenya only; cash issue separate: 1 January 1922, Kenya only; cash issue separate C612, C616
• 1966–1967: national_issue_succeeds_regional_currency: Ugandan shilling issues succeeded the East African Currency Board currency. C991

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C472, C473, C474, C618, C619, C620, C641

• 1 July 1966; issue date not established by this passage: 1 July 1966; issue date not established by this passage C472
• 10 April 1967: 10 April 1967 C473

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C477, C478, C639, C640, C641, C991

• 1966; year only, indexed issuer account: 1966; year only, indexed issuer account C477
• 1987: 30 percent balance confiscation reported; exemptions unresolved: 1987: 30 percent balance confiscation reported; exemptions unresolved C478
• 2 January 1967; indexed issuer timeline: 2 January 1967; indexed issuer timeline C639
• 1966–1967: national_issue_succeeds_regional_currency: Ugandan shilling issues succeeded the East African Currency Board currency. C991

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C466, C467, C468, C469, C470, C471, C641

• 14 June 1966; specialist catalogue, original notice pending: 14 June 1966; specialist catalogue, original notice pending C471

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C585

• 23 July 1945: banknote series: 23 July 1945: banknote series C585

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C564

• 1997: 1997 C564

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C520

• 1962: first banknotes: 1962: first banknotes C520

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C572

• 15 October 2003: scheduled exchange start: 15 October 2003: scheduled exchange start C572

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C499, C968

• 1 April 1961: 1 April 1961 C499
• 1961-04-01: territorial_currency_replacement: Kuwait’s dinar replaced the circulating Gulf rupee. C968

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C538, C975, C976

• 1972: 1972 C538
• 1970-05-07: territorial_currency_replacement: Oman replaced Gulf rupees with the rial Saidi. C975
• 1972-11-11: currency_renaming: The Omani rial continued the rial Saidi at equal value. C976

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C511, C779, C780, C781, C785

• 1850: 1850 C511
• 1799 to 1850: historical_precedent: The Helvetic experiment precedes federal unification. C779
• 1850: multiple_currency_unification: Federal Swiss money replaces a plurality of local currencies. C780
• 1850: standard_adoption: The federal Swiss franc adopts the French silver-franc standard. C781
• 1865-12-23: standard_coordination: Switzerland participates in the common coinage convention. C785

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C664, C665, C782, C784, C787, C788, C789, C790, C794

• Belgium: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Belgium: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C664, C665, C646
• Belgium: euro cash legal-tender start: Belgium: euro cash legal-tender start C665
• 1832-06-05: standard_adoption: Belgium legislates the French decimal silver-franc standard. C782
• 1865-12-23: standard_coordination: Belgium participates in the common coinage convention. C784
• 1929: monetary_association_parity: Luxembourg–Belgium parity is formalized. C787
• 1935: monetary_association_parity: Luxembourg does not follow the full Belgian devaluation. C788
• 1944: monetary_association_parity: Equal Luxembourg–Belgium parity is restored. C789
• 1999-01-01: currency_replacement: Belgian euro conversion. C790
• 1909-07-15: foreign_note_acceptance: Belgian banknotes are provisionally accepted for colonial taxes and duties. C794

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C676, C677

• Italy: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Italy: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C676, C677, C646
• Italy: euro cash legal-tender start: Italy: euro cash legal-tender start C677

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C792, C793, C794, C795, C798

• 1887-07-27: currency_establishment: The Congo Free State establishes its franc unit. C792
• 1887-07-27: standard_adoption: The Congo adopts a franc system conforming to the Latin Union standard. C793
• 1909-07-15: foreign_note_acceptance: Belgian banknotes are provisionally accepted for colonial taxes and duties. C794
• 1967-06-24: redenomination: Zaire replaces the old Congolese franc. C795
• 1960-09-02: territorial_currency_separation: Rwanda–Burundi adopts a shared franc. C798

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C795, C796, C797

• 1967-06-24: redenomination: Zaire replaces the old Congolese franc. C795
• 1993-10: redenomination: New zaire replaces zaire at three million to one. C796
• 1998-06-30: currency_replacement: The Congolese franc returns. C797

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C543, C797

• 30 June 1998: 30 June 1998 C543
• 1998-06-30: currency_replacement: The Congolese franc returns. C797

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C798, C799, C800

• 1960-09-02: territorial_currency_separation: Rwanda–Burundi adopts a shared franc. C798
• 1964-04-24: territorial_currency_separation: Rwanda adopts its national franc. C799
• 1964-05-19: territorial_currency_separation: Burundi adopts its national franc. C800

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C595, C799

• 1964: separate national currency introduction in progress: 1964: separate national currency introduction in progress C595
• 1964-04-24: territorial_currency_separation: Rwanda adopts its national franc. C799

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C583, C800

• February 1964: national overprints: February 1964: national overprints C583
• 1964-05-19: territorial_currency_separation: Burundi adopts its national franc. C800

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C916, C917, C918, C919

• 1873-12-12: currency_authorisation: Serbia’s silver-currency law established the modern dinar. C916
• 1873: name_revival: Modern Serbia revived the medieval dinar name. C917
• 1875: silver_coin_issue: Modern Serbian silver dinar coins followed the earlier copper issues. C918
• 1918–1920: currency_area_extension: The new South Slav kingdom retained the Serbian dinar as its monetary unit. C919

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C840, C842, C923, C924, C925, C926, C933

• 1991-12-23: territorial_currency_separation: Croatian dinars replaced Yugoslav dinars at par. C840
• 1991-10-08: territorial_currency_separation: Slovenian tolars replaced Yugoslav dinars at par. C842
• 1945: multiple_currency_unification: Postwar Yugoslav dinars replaced occupation money, including Serbian occupation dinars. C923
• 1965–1966: redenomination: The Yugoslav dinar was rescaled by 100 during the 1965–1966 reform. C924
• 1990-01-01: redenomination: One new Yugoslav dinar replaced 10,000 previous dinars. C925
• 1992-07-01: territorial_currency_separation: Federal Yugoslavia introduced a dinar scale worth ten preceding dinars. C926
• 1992-04-26: territorial_currency_separation: Macedonia replaced the Yugoslav dinar with its denar at par. C933

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C566, C926, C927, C928, C929, C930, C931, C932

• 2003: Serbian issuer note series: 2003: Serbian issuer note series C566
• 1992-07-01: territorial_currency_separation: Federal Yugoslavia introduced a dinar scale worth ten preceding dinars. C926
• 1993-10-01: redenomination: One October dinar replaced one million July-1992-scale dinars. C927
• 1994-01-01: redenomination: One January dinar replaced one billion October-scale dinars. C928
• 1994-01-24: monetary_stabilisation: The stabilised new dinar entered at thirteen million January dinars per new dinar. C929
• 1994-01-24: peg: The new Yugoslav dinar was initially equal in value to Deutsche Mark. C930
• 2003-02-04: currency_renaming: The Yugoslav new dinar became the Serbian dinar without another rescaling. C931
• 2006-10-25: identifier_change: The Serbian dinar’s ISO code changed from CSD to RSD. C932

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C593, C933, C934, C935

• May 1993: May 1993 C593
• 1992-04-26: territorial_currency_separation: Macedonia replaced the Yugoslav dinar with its denar at par. C933
• 1993-05: redenomination: One new denar replaced 100 temporary denars. C934
• 1995-10: exchange_rate_anchor: Macedonia adopted a stable exchange-rate strategy against Deutsche Mark. C935

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C589

• 1 July 2005: statutory rescaling: 1 July 2005: statutory rescaling C589

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

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C514

• 1965: reform, distinct from printed series dates: 1965: reform, distinct from printed series dates C514

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C532, C750, C752, C754, C757, C760, C761, C762, C764

• 26 December 1945: 26 December 1945 C532
• 1959: regional_institutional_continuity: The western CFA branch develops under BCEAO. C750
• 1994-01-12: peg: Western CFA devaluation takes effect. C752
• 1999-01-01: peg: Western CFA euro anchor. C754
• 1960-03-01: territorial_currency_replacement: Guinea leaves CFA currency for its own franc. C757
• 1962-07-01: territorial_currency_replacement: Mali introduces its own franc. C760
• 1984-06-01: territorial_readoption: Mali returns to CFA currency. C761
• 1973-06-29: territorial_currency_replacement: Mauritania introduces the ouguiya. C762
• 1997-05-02: territorial_adoption: Guinea-Bissau exchanges pesos for CFA francs. C764

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C533, C751, C753, C755, C765

• 26 December 1945: 26 December 1945 C533
• 1959–1972: regional_institutional_continuity: The central CFA branch develops through its own central-bank institutions. C751
• 1994-01-12: peg: Central CFA devaluation takes effect. C753
• 1999-01-01: peg: Central CFA euro anchor. C755
• 1985-01-02: territorial_adoption: Equatorial Guinea adopts CFA currency. C765

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C757, C758

• 1960-03-01: territorial_currency_replacement: Guinea leaves CFA currency for its own franc. C757
• 1972-10-02: redenomination: The syli replaces the first Guinean franc. C758

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C517, C759

• 1 March 1960: 1 March 1960 C517
• 1986-01-06: currency_replacement: Guinea restores the franc. C759

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C551, C762, C763

• 1 January 2018: 1 January 2018 C551
• 1973-06-29: territorial_currency_replacement: Mauritania introduces the ouguiya. C762
• 2018-01-01: redenomination: Mauritania changes the size of the ouguiya unit. C763

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C767, C768, C769, C766, C980

• 1963-07-01: regional_currency_continuity: The Malagasy franc designation marks the independent national branch. C767
• 1963: regional_currency_continuity: National franc issues continue the local franc monetary history. C768
• 2005-01-01: unit_replacement: The ariary becomes the accounting unit. C769
• 1926: regional_issue: A distinct banknote issuer begins Madagascar franc issues following the 1925 law. C766
• 1963: regional_currency_continuity: National franc issues continue the local franc monetary history. C768
• 1925–1926: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Distinct Malagasy franc issues followed the French currency introduced after annexation in 1896. C980

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C548, C769, C770

• 1 January 2005: official unit of account: 1 January 2005: official unit of account C548
• 2005-01-01: unit_replacement: The ariary becomes the accounting unit. C769
• 2003-07-31: cash_series_introduction: New ariary-denominated notes precede the accounting change. C770

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C771, C772, C582, C773, C774, C775

• 1950–1975: regional_currency_continuity: Comoros has local franc issues under BMC and then IEC. C771
• 1979–1981: institutional_currency_continuity: The cooperation agreement and BCC succession formalize the Comorian branch. C772
• 23 November 1979: agreement signed: 23 November 1979: agreement signed C582
• 1979–1981: institutional_currency_continuity: The cooperation agreement and BCC succession formalize the Comorian branch. C772
• 1979-11-23: agreement_signed: Signed cooperation agreement defines the Comorian parity. C773
• 1994-01-12: peg: Comoros adopts its distinct devalued parity. C774
• 1999-01-01: peg: Comorian euro anchor. C775

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C531, C744, C746, C747, C756, C805, C978, C979

• 1945: 1945 C531
• 1945-12-26: parity_framework: The same decree separately establishes the Pacific-franc grouping. C744
• 1945-12-26: peg: Initial Pacific/metropolitan parity. C746
• 1945: peg: Early CFP dollar parity. C747
• 1999-01-01: peg: CFP euro anchor. C756
• 1945-12-26: historical_framework_membership: The 1945 Pacific grouping explicitly includes the New Hebrides. C805
• 1945-12-26: territorial_currency_separation: The Pacific franc separates from the metropolitan-franc monetary system in the same reform. C978
• 1945–1967: regional_currency_continuity: New Hebrides franc issues continue the Pacific-franc system established in 1945, with IEOM issuance from 1967. C979

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C539, C805, C806, C979

• 1 January 1981: renaming: 1 January 1981: renaming C539
• 1945-12-26: historical_framework_membership: The 1945 Pacific grouping explicitly includes the New Hebrides. C805
• 1981-01-01: currency_rename: Vatu succeeds the New Hebrides franc. C806
• 1945–1967: regional_currency_continuity: New Hebrides franc issues continue the Pacific-franc system established in 1945, with IEOM issuance from 1967. C979

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C801, C802

• 1960-01-01: redenomination: Algeria restates its franc unit. C801
• 1964-04-10: currency_replacement: The dinar replaces the Algerian new franc. C802

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C547, C802

• 1964: 1964 C547
• 1964-04-10: currency_replacement: The dinar replaces the Algerian new franc. C802

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C804, C981

• 1958-11-01: currency_replacement: Tunisia introduces the dinar. C804
• 1891: unit_standard_adoption: Tunisia replaced its piastre system with the French franc unit in 1891. C981

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C579, C804

• 18 October 1958: law date: 18 October 1958: law date C579
• 1958-11-01: currency_replacement: Tunisia introduces the dinar. C804

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C803

• 1959-10-19: currency_replacement: Morocco’s dirham reform takes effect. C803

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C553, C803

• October 1959: October 1959 C553
• 1959-10-19: currency_replacement: Morocco’s dirham reform takes effect. C803

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C518, C776, C777

• 20 March 1949: decree date as reported: 20 March 1949: decree date as reported C518
• 1949-03: territorial_currency_separation: Djibouti’s separate dollar-linked franc follows the territorial CFA period. C776
• 1949: peg: Initial Djibouti dollar anchor. C777

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C603, C604, C605, C606, C607, C608, C610, C611, C613, C614, C586, C963, C964, C967, C602, C961, C962, C965, C990

• 10 February 1905 order; authorisation, not first issue: 10 February 1905 order; authorisation, not first issue C605, C606
• 11 May 1920; Kenya report of proclamation: 11 May 1920; Kenya report of proclamation C611
• 15 August 1950: Republic coin issue: 15 August 1950: Republic coin issue C586
• 1947–1950: territorial_currency_separation: Independent India retained the inherited rupee and then introduced Republic designs. C963
• 1957-04-01: subdivision_reform: India decimalised the rupee without changing its value or name. C964
• 1959-05-11: territorial_currency_separation: India introduced a separate rupee-note currency for Gulf circulation. C967
• 19 May 1898 order, recited in 1905; not first Indian rupee: 19 May 1898 order, recited in 1905; not first Indian rupee C602
• 10 February 1905 order; commencement proclamation remains open: 10 February 1905 order; commencement proclamation remains open C603
• 1835: multiple_currency_unification: Bombay Mughal-style rupees were one input to the uniform British Indian rupee coinage. C961
• 1862: issuer_and_design_change: Crown coinage followed Company coinage in the rupee system. C962
• 1947–1950: territorial_currency_separation: Independent India retained the inherited rupee and then introduced Republic designs. C963
• 1947–1948: territorial_currency_separation: Pakistan initially used Indian notes and then modified and national rupee issues. C965
• 1876–1934: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Mauritius combined local currency-board notes with the Indian rupee as its prescribed monetary unit. C990

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C541, C965, C966

• 1 April 1948: modified-note circulation: 1 April 1948: modified-note circulation C541
• 1947–1948: territorial_currency_separation: Pakistan initially used Indian notes and then modified and national rupee issues. C965
• 1972: territorial_currency_replacement: Bangladesh’s taka succeeded the Pakistani rupee at equal unit value. C966

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C506, C966

• 1972: 1972 C506
• 1972: territorial_currency_replacement: Bangladesh’s taka succeeded the Pakistani rupee at equal unit value. C966

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C540

• 1974: 1974 C540

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C594

• 1 July 1952: issuer transfer: 1 July 1952: issuer transfer C594

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

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C507

• 17 March 1872: decimal coinage: 17 March 1872: decimal coinage C507

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C527

• 1947: first banknotes: 1947: first banknotes C527

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C522, C990

• 1876: sole-tender milestone: 1876: sole-tender milestone C522
• 1876–1934: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Mauritius combined local currency-board notes with the Indian rupee as its prescribed monetary unit. C990

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C575

• 1974: currency-issuance governance: 1974: currency-issuance governance C575

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C591

• 7 October 2002: conversion start: 7 October 2002: conversion start C591
• 2 January 2003: 2 January 2003 C591

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C967, C968, C969, C970, C975

• 1959-05-11: territorial_currency_separation: India introduced a separate rupee-note currency for Gulf circulation. C967
• 1961-04-01: territorial_currency_replacement: Kuwait’s dinar replaced the circulating Gulf rupee. C968
• 1965-10-16: territorial_currency_replacement: Ten Gulf rupees converted to one Bahraini dinar. C969
• 1966-06: territorial_currency_replacement: Qatar temporarily substituted borrowed Saudi-riyal notes for Gulf rupees. C970
• 1970-05-07: territorial_currency_replacement: Oman replaced Gulf rupees with the rial Saidi. C975

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C552, C969, C974

• 1965: 1965 C552
• 1965-10-16: territorial_currency_replacement: Ten Gulf rupees converted to one Bahraini dinar. C969
• 1973-05: multiple_currency_unification: Abu Dhabi converted Bahraini dinars into ten UAE dirhams each. C974

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C971, C972, C973

• 1966-09-18: currency_replacement: Qatar–Dubai riyals replaced the interim Saudi notes. C971
• 1973-05: territorial_currency_separation: Qatar continued with a separate riyal at par after the joint issue ended. C972
• 1973-05: multiple_currency_unification: Qatar–Dubai riyals converted into UAE dirhams at par. C973

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C537, C972

• 1973: separate national issue; 19 June is law date: 1973: separate national issue; 19 June is law date C537
• 1973-05: territorial_currency_separation: Qatar continued with a separate riyal at par after the joint issue ended. C972

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C500, C973, C974

• 19 May 1973: 19 May 1973 C500
• 1973-05: multiple_currency_unification: Qatar–Dubai riyals converted into UAE dirhams at par. C973
• 1973-05: multiple_currency_unification: Abu Dhabi converted Bahraini dinars into ten UAE dirhams each. C974

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C501

• 1346 AH / 1928 CE: 1346 AH / 1928 CE C501

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C879

• 1873-07-09: multiple_currency_unification: Prussian thalers entered the imperial mark at three marks per thaler. C879

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C879, C880, C881, C882, C883, C884, C886, C847, C848, C885, C887, C888, C891

• 1873-07-09: multiple_currency_unification: Prussian thalers entered the imperial mark at three marks per thaler. C879
• 1873-07-09: multiple_currency_unification: South German florins entered at twelve marks per seven florins. C880
• 1876-01-01: sole_account_currency: The mark became the common currency of the German Reich. C881
• 1914-07-31: convertibility_suspension: Gold redemption ended; the mark continued on an inconvertible basis. C882
• 1914: accounting_value_reference: Goldmark was a gold-value accounting unit, distinct from circulating marks. C883
• 1923-11-15: parallel_stabilisation_issue: Rentenmark notes entered alongside marks; one Rentenmark equalled one trillion marks. C884
• 1924-10-11: currency_replacement: Reichsmark replaced the mark at one Reichsmark per trillion marks. C886
• 1938-03-17: territorial_adoption: Austria adopted the Reichsmark at 1.5 schillings per Reichsmark. C847
• 1945-12-21: multiple_currency_unification: Postwar Austrian schillings replaced Reichsmarks at 1:1 under restricted exchange rules. C848
• 1924-08-30: currency_authorisation: The monetary legislation established the Reichsmark framework. C885
• 1924-10-11: currency_replacement: Reichsmark replaced the mark at one Reichsmark per trillion marks. C886
• 1924-10-11: parallel_unit_parity: Rentenmark notes continued alongside Reichsmarks at equal unit value. C887
• 1948-06-21: multiple_currency_unification: Deutsche Mark displaced Reichsmark in western Germany under differentiated conversion rules. C888
• 1948-06-24: territorial_currency_separation: The Soviet occupation zone began issuing its separate mark currency. C891

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C666, C667, C704, C888, C889, C890, C894, C930, C935

• Germany: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Germany: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C666, C667, C646
• Germany: euro cash legal-tender start: Germany: euro cash legal-tender start C667
• 2001-12-31: 2001-12-31 C704
• 2002-02-28: 2002-02-28 C704
• 1948-06-21: multiple_currency_unification: Deutsche Mark displaced Reichsmark in western Germany under differentiated conversion rules. C888
• 1948-06-21: multiple_currency_unification: The western reform also invalidated Rentenmark notes. C889
• 1948-06-21: multiple_currency_unification: Allied military marks also ceased validity in the western currency reform. C890
• 1990-07-01: territorial_adoption: East Germany adopted Deutsche Mark; wages and savings followed different conversion rules. C894
• 1994-01-24: peg: The new Yugoslav dinar was initially equal in value to Deutsche Mark. C930
• 1995-10: exchange_rate_anchor: Macedonia adopted a stable exchange-rate strategy against Deutsche Mark. C935

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C510

• 22 June 1998: first note denominations: 22 June 1998: first note denominations C510

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C588

• 1 January 1995: 1 January 1995 C588

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C597

• 4 May 1990: reciprocal tender recognition reported: 4 May 1990: reciprocal tender recognition reported C597

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C844

• 1892: currency_replacement: The krone replaced the gulden at two kronen per gulden. C844

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C844, C845, C852, C920

• 1892: currency_replacement: The krone replaced the gulden at two kronen per gulden. C844
• 1918–1919: territorial_currency_separation: The imperial currency area broke into successor systems, including the Austrian crown. C845
• 1919: territorial_currency_separation: Czechoslovak currency separated from the Austro-Hungarian crown through the 1919 reform. C852
• 1918–1920: territorial_currency_separation: Imperial crown notes continued in the kingdom’s former Habsburg territories. C920

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C662, C663, C848, C849, C850, C851

• Austria: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Austria: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C662, C663, C646
• Austria: euro cash legal-tender start: Austria: euro cash legal-tender start C663
• 1945-12-21: multiple_currency_unification: Postwar Austrian schillings replaced Reichsmarks at 1:1 under restricted exchange rules. C848
• 1945-12-21: multiple_currency_unification: Allied military schillings were also exchanged into Austrian schillings at 1:1. C849
• 1945: name_revival: Austria restored the schilling after the Reichsmark interval. C850
• 1947: restricted_cash_reform: The 1947 reform exchanged schilling notes at 3:1, except 150 per person at par. C851

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C855, C856, C857, C858, C859

• 1945-11-01: multiple_currency_unification: Czech and Slovak monetary areas were reunified into the Czechoslovak koruna at 1:1. C855
• 1945-11-01: multiple_currency_unification: The wartime Slovak koruna joined the restored Czechoslovak currency at 1:1. C856
• 1953-06-01: monetary_reform: The 1953 Czechoslovak reform used differentiated conversion rates. C857
• 1993-02-08: territorial_currency_separation: Czech korunas replaced Czechoslovak korunas at par. C858
• 1993-02-08: territorial_currency_separation: Slovak korunas replaced Czechoslovak korunas at par. C859

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C515, C858

• 8 February 1993: 8 February 1993 C515
• 1993-02-08: territorial_currency_separation: Czech korunas replaced Czechoslovak korunas at par. C858

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C513

• 1 August 1946: 1 August 1946 C513

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C529

• 1873: 1873 C529

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C516

• 1875: account-unit change: 1875: account-unit change C516

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C512

• Beginning of 1981: Beginning of 1981 C512

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C528

• 17 April 1875: act date: 17 April 1875: act date C528

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C680, C681

• Netherlands: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Netherlands: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C680, C681, C646
• Netherlands: euro cash legal-tender start: Netherlands: euro cash legal-tender start C681

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C523

• 30 October 1946: 30 October 1946 C523

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C544

• 31 March 2025: 31 March 2025 C544

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C525

• 1 January 1986: 1 January 1986 C525

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C860, C899, C902

• 1860–1863: territorial_unit_derivation: Finland introduced the markka as one quarter of a silver ruble in 1860, replacing rubles in accounts and transactions from 1863. C860
• 1839–1843: coinage_tradition: The later imperial silver ruble belongs to the ruble coinage tradition. C899
• 1843: denomination_standard: State credit notes used the silver-ruble unit and exchanged at face value. C902

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C820, C822, C823, C824, C827, C828, C833, C837, C905, C906, C907, C908, C910, C911

• 1940-11: territorial_adoption: Estonia introduced Soviet rubles at 1.25 rubles per kroon. C820
• 1947: monetary_reform: The Soviet ruble underwent monetary reform in 1947. C822
• 1961: redenomination: The 1961 reform rescaled the Soviet ruble tenfold. C823
• 1992-06-20: territorial_currency_separation: Estonia generally exchanged 10 rubles per kroon. C824
• 1940–1941: territorial_adoption: The Soviet currency system displaced the lats, withdrawn on 25 March 1941. C827
• 1992-05-07: territorial_currency_separation: Latvian rubles entered alongside Soviet and Russian notes at 1:1. C828
• 1940-11: territorial_adoption: Soviet rubles entered Lithuania at 0.9 ruble per litas. C833
• 1992-10-01: territorial_currency_separation: Lithuania replaced rubles with talonas at 1:1. C837
• 1922: redenomination: One 1922 ruble replaced 10,000 earlier paper rubles. C905
• 1922: co_circulating_money_conversion: The 1922 conversion also accepted earlier tsar-era paper money. C906
• 1923: redenomination: One 1923 ruble replaced 100 rubles of 1922. C907
• 1924: redenomination: One treasury gold ruble replaced 50,000 rubles of the 1923 sovznak scale. C908
• 1947: instrument_withdrawal: The 1947 reform ended the separate chervonets banknote unit. C910
• 1991–1993: territorial_currency_separation: Russian national issues emerged from the inherited Soviet ruble system. C911

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C488, C489, C911, C912, C913

• 1 January 1999: old-scale payment eligibility ends: 1 January 1999: old-scale payment eligibility ends C488, C489
• 1991–1993: territorial_currency_separation: Russian national issues emerged from the inherited Soviet ruble system. C911
• 1998: redenomination: The Russian ruble scale changed at 1,000 old rubles per new ruble. C912
• 1999-01-01: old_cash_withdrawal: Specified old-scale Russian cash ceased payment use after the transition year. C913

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C574

• December 1925: first issue; act dated 22 February: December 1925: first issue; act dated 22 February C574

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C542

• 2–16 September 1996: reform interval: 2–16 September 1996: reform interval C542

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C590

• 1 July 2016: prescribed rescaling: 1 July 2016: prescribed rescaling C590

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C485

• 29 November 1993: 29 November 1993 C485

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C559

• 25 September 1995: 25 September 1995 C559

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C479, C480

• 22 November 1993: 22 November 1993 C479, C480

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C481, C482

• 15 August 1992: 15 August 1992 C481
• 1 January 1994: 1 January 1994 C481
• 1 January 2006; old and new scales coexist during 2006: 1 January 2006; old and new scales coexist during 2006 C482

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C483

• 15 November 1993: 15 November 1993 C483

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C568

• 10 May 1993: 10 May 1993 C568

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C486, C487

• 1 July 1994: 1 July 1994 C486, C487

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C557

• 1 November 1993: 1 November 1993 C557

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C484

• 30 October 2000: 30 October 2000 C484

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C577

• 2005: 2005 C577

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C546

• 3 April 1899: first banknotes: 3 April 1899: first banknotes C546

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C567

• 1 July 2007: table's conversion-effective date: 1 July 2007: table's conversion-effective date C567

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C519

• 18 July 2011: 18 July 2011 C519

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C576

• 1 January 2026: prescribed scale change: 1 January 2026: prescribed scale change C576

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C555

• 1964: central-bank issue: 1964: central-bank issue C555

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C563

• 23 September 1902: public note service: 23 September 1902: public note service C563

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C526

• 17 September 1945: treasury paper issuance: 17 September 1945: treasury paper issuance C526

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C565

• April 1932: first Bank-e Melli rial notes: April 1932: first Bank-e Melli rial notes C565

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C642, C651, C654, C655, C656

• Policy resolution, not actual EMS operating date: Policy resolution, not actual EMS operating date C654
• 1979-03-13: 1979-03-13 C655
• 1999-01-01: 1999-01-01 C642

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C642, C643, C644, C645, C646, C647, C648, C649, C650, C657, C658, C659, C660, C661, C662, C663, C664, C665, C666, C667, C668, C669, C670, C671, C672, C673, C674, C675, C676, C677, C678, C679, C680, C681, C682, C683, C684, C685, C686, C687, C688, C689, C690, C691, C692, C693, C694, C695, C696, C697, C698, C699, C700, C701, C702, C703, C704, C705, C706, C738, C739, C754, C755, C756, C775, C790, C791

• Austria: euro adoption: Austria: euro adoption C662, C663, C646
• Belgium: euro adoption: Belgium: euro adoption C664, C665, C646
• Germany: euro adoption: Germany: euro adoption C666, C667, C646
• Spain: euro adoption: Spain: euro adoption C668, C669, C646
• Finland: euro adoption: Finland: euro adoption C670, C671, C646
• France: euro adoption: France: euro adoption C672, C673, C646
• Ireland: euro adoption: Ireland: euro adoption C674, C675, C646
• Italy: euro adoption: Italy: euro adoption C676, C677, C646
• Luxembourg: euro adoption: Luxembourg: euro adoption C678, C679, C646
• Netherlands: euro adoption: Netherlands: euro adoption C680, C681, C646
• Portugal: euro adoption: Portugal: euro adoption C682, C683, C646
• Greece: euro adoption: Greece: euro adoption C684, C685, C646
• Slovenia: euro adoption: Slovenia: euro adoption C686, C687, C646
• Cyprus: euro adoption: Cyprus: euro adoption C688, C689, C646
• Malta: euro adoption: Malta: euro adoption C690, C691, C646
• Slovakia: euro adoption: Slovakia: euro adoption C692, C693, C646
• Estonia: euro adoption: Estonia: euro adoption C694, C695, C646
• Latvia: euro adoption: Latvia: euro adoption C696, C697, C646
• Lithuania: euro adoption: Lithuania: euro adoption C698, C699, C646
• Croatia: euro adoption: Croatia: euro adoption C700, C701, C646
• Bulgaria: euro adoption: Bulgaria: euro adoption C702, C703, C646
• 2002-01-01: 2002-01-01 C657
• By 1 March 2002 throughout the initial twelve; not a uniform predecessor end: By 1 March 2002 throughout the initial twelve; not a uniform predecessor end C658
• 2026-01-01: 2026-01-01 C661
• 1999-01-01: currency_replacement: The euro succeeds the French franc at the irrevocable conversion rate. C738
• 2002-01-01: cash_introduction: Euro notes and coins enter circulation in France. C739
• 1999-01-01: peg: Western CFA euro anchor. C754
• 1999-01-01: peg: Central CFA euro anchor. C755
• 1999-01-01: peg: CFP euro anchor. C756
• 1999-01-01: peg: Comorian euro anchor. C775
• 1999-01-01: currency_replacement: Belgian euro conversion. C790
• 1999-01-01: currency_replacement: Luxembourg euro conversion. C791

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C02, C54, C57, C59, C60, C61, C62, C63, C64, C65, C66, C67, C68, C69, C167

• 1871: yen authorization C02

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C14, C25, C26, C27, C53, C54, C353, C355, C359

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C16, C25, C26, C354, C359

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C110, C111, C112, C109, C126

• 1948: gold-yuan reform C111
• 1935: fabi reform C109

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C113, C114

• 1948: first RMB series C113

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C112, C116, C117, C118, C451, C452, C453, C454, C455, C115

• 1949: New Taiwan-dollar issuance C116
• 1946: Taiwan-dollar issuance C115

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C119, C120, C121, C123, C165, C954, C955

• 1863–1866: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Hong Kong’s local silver-dollar issue developed from circulating Spanish and Mexican silver dollars. C954
• 1863–1866: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Mexican dollars were another input to Hong Kong’s local silver-dollar standard. C955

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C122, C123, C124

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C134, C135, C336, C369, C953, C138, C142, C146, C160, C167, C177, C182, C183, C863, C954

• 1600–1799: denomination_derivation: The Spanish dollar or piece of eight represented eight reales. C953
• 1497: Real attested in the 1497 monetary tariff C336
• 1828: unit_standard_adoption: The phoenix was valued at one sixth of the Spanish dollar. C863
• 1600–1799: denomination_derivation: The Spanish dollar or piece of eight represented eight reales. C953
• 1863–1866: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Hong Kong’s local silver-dollar issue developed from circulating Spanish and Mexican silver dollars. C954

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C138, C139, C140, C167, C182, C955, C956

• 1863–1866: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Mexican dollars were another input to Hong Kong’s local silver-dollar standard. C955
• 1903–1904: multiple_currency_unification: The Straits dollar displaced Mexican dollars among several circulating silver-dollar currencies. C956

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C133, C142, C143, C144, C148, C149, C150, C151, C152, C153, C155, C156, C157, C158, C159, C178, C190, C195, C198, C203, C205, C207, C208, C209, C390, C747, C777, C993, C994, C995, C996, C998

• 1792: US dollar statutory definition C142
• 1945: peg: Early CFP dollar parity. C747
• 1949: peg: Initial Djibouti dollar anchor. C777
• 1924-11: initially_valued_at: The new quetzal was defined as equal to one US dollar at its creation. C993
• 1947-10-23: currency_replacement: National Dominican peso notes replaced circulating US dollars in the 1947 monetary reform. C994
• 1904-06-20: initially_valued_at: The new Panamanian gold peso, named balboa, used the contemporary US dollar weight and fineness at parity. C995
• 1903-03-02: unit_standard_adoption: The 1903 Philippine reform defined a gold peso and made US gold dollars tender at two pesos per dollar. C996
• 1912-03-20: initially_valued_at: The first córdoba was established at the value of one US dollar. C998

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C160, C316

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C161, C162, C163, C164, C305, C312, C313, C314, C317, C394

• 1857: Canadian dollar-account requirement C161
• 1 August 1854 proclamation: recognized dollar accounts alongside pounds C317

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C162, C313

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C163, C314, C315

• 1865: Newfoundland decimal law takes effect C163

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C556, C988, C169, C174, C190, C253, C254, C255, C256, C257, C258, C264, C265, C268, C270, C271, C296, C297, C309, C310, C387, C400, C405, C607, C617, C635, C868, C870, C873, C936, C937, C938, C939, C944, C947, C983, C985, C986, C987, C989, C1024, C1025

• 1914: 1914 C556
• 1914: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Gibraltar began local emergency sterling-note issues in 1914. C988
• 1927–1928: territorial_currency_separation: The Saorstat pound established a national currency at sterling parity under the 1927 Act, followed by the 1928 issue. C868
• 1914–1972: territorial_unit_derivation: Malta’s local pound-note system developed within the British pound framework before the independent decimal coinage. C870
• 1879: territorial_unit_derivation: Cyprus introduced a local coinage system of 180 piastres per English gold pound. C873
• 1825–1910: territorial_unit_derivation: Australian national pounds developed from the sterling currency adopted in the colonies. C936
• 1933–1935: territorial_unit_derivation: New Zealand local pound coinage and national notes succeeded the British-coin and trading-bank system. C937
• 1914–1934: territorial_unit_derivation: Fiji’s local pound issues developed from an English-coin currency system. C938
• 1921: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Tongan government pound notes supplemented the British currency already in use. C939
• 1840-12-31: territorial_unit_derivation: Jamaica adopted British currency as the basis of its pound system. C944
• 1922: territorial_unit_derivation: The South African pound retained the British pound coin system while national notes succeeded commercial-bank issues. C947
• 1489: Established pound of account represented by the sovereign C265
• 1825–1850: territorial_unit_derivation: Barbados’s colonial currency combined sterling coinage with local dollar-denominated bank notes by 1850. C983
• 1919: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: The Bahamas Currency Board issued local pounds against sterling at par. C985
• 1894: multiple_currency_unification: British Honduras reorganised a sterling-based mixed circulation into a gold-basis system with local dollar notes in 1894. C986
• 1970: territorial_unit_derivation: The Bermuda pound replaced in 1970 was the locally issued sterling-denominated predecessor of the Bermuda dollar. C987
• 1914: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Gibraltar began local emergency sterling-note issues in 1914. C988
• 1899–1923: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: Local Falkland pound notes supplemented British sterling under the 1899 order, as reported in 1923. C989
• William I, 1066–1087: 240-pence pound: observation in a reign, not exact creation date C1024

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C171, C173, C168, C169, C170, C956, C172

• 1903–1904: multiple_currency_unification: The Straits dollar displaced Mexican dollars among several circulating silver-dollar currencies. C956
• 1940: Malayan board coin issue C170

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C173, C175, C176

• 1967: separate Singapore currency C173

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C173, C174, C176

• 1967: Malaysian dollar issue C174

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C173, C175, C176

• 1967: separate Brunei currency C173

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C178, C179, C996

• 1903-03-02: unit_standard_adoption: The 1903 Philippine reform defined a gold peso and made US gold dollars tender at two pesos per dollar. C996

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C183, C184, C185, C188, C434, C435, C436, C437, C438, C946

• 1966: Australian decimal issue C185
• 14 February 1966; federal Act territorial scope: 14 February 1966; federal Act territorial scope C434
• 1975-04-19: territorial_currency_replacement: The kina succeeded Australian dollars in Papua New Guinea. C946

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C184, C435, C936

• 1825–1910: territorial_unit_derivation: Australian national pounds developed from the sterling currency adopted in the colonies. C936

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C186, C465

• 1967: New Zealand decimal changeover C186

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C186, C937, C942

• 1933–1935: territorial_unit_derivation: New Zealand local pound coinage and national notes succeeded the British-coin and trading-bank system. C937
• 1962–1967: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Post-independence Samoa’s local bank issue succeeded the Bank of New Zealand pound-note system. C942

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C187

• 1969: Fiji dollar changeover C187

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C187, C938

• 1914–1934: territorial_unit_derivation: Fiji’s local pound issues developed from an English-coin currency system. C938

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C188

• 1977: Solomon Islands dollar introduction C188

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C189, C190, C194, C191, C193, C984

• 1965: ECCA first notes C189
• 1951: multiple_currency_unification: BCCB notes took over the note circulation of Barbados, British Guiana and Trinidad in 1951. C984

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C191, C460, C461, C462

• 1964: Trinidad and Tobago changeover C191
• 12 December 1964; not the 14 December cash transition: 12 December 1964; not the 14 December cash transition C460

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C192, C463, C464, C945

• 1969: Jamaican decimal changeover C192
• 1972-05-01: territorial_currency_replacement: Cayman currency replaced Jamaican dollars at equal unit value during the 1972 changeover. C945

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C192, C944

• 1840-12-31: territorial_unit_derivation: Jamaica adopted British currency as the basis of its pound system. C944

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C193

• 1965: Guyanese national notes C193

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C194, C195

• 1973: Barbadian national notes C194

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C196

• 1966: Bahamian dollar changeover C196

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C196, C985

• 1919: local_issue_on_imported_currency_standard: The Bahamas Currency Board issued local pounds against sterling at par. C985

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C197, C198, C439, C440, C441, C442, C443

• 1970: Bermudian dollar changeover C197
• 6 February 1970: 6 February 1970 C439
• By 30 June 1970, according to BMA; exact last day not established: By 30 June 1970, according to BMA; exact last day not established C442

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C197, C441, C987

• 1970: territorial_unit_derivation: The Bermuda pound replaced in 1970 was the locally issued sterling-denominated predecessor of the Bermuda dollar. C987

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C199, C986

• 1894: multiple_currency_unification: British Honduras reorganised a sterling-based mixed circulation into a gold-basis system with local dollar notes in 1894. C986

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C200, C444, C445, C446, C447, C448, C449, C450

• 2004: Suriname rescaling C200
• 1 January 2004: 1 January 2004 C444, C445
• 31 May 2004; banknotes and government notes, not coin extinction: 31 May 2004; banknotes and government notes, not coin extinction C450

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C200, C445

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C201, C202, C952

• 1993: Namibian dollar introduction C201
• 1993-09-15: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Namibia introduced its dollar at par with the previously circulating rand. C952

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C202, C509, C948, C949, C950, C951, C952

• 14 February 1961: 14 February 1961 C509
• 1961-02-14: decimal_currency_replacement: South Africa replaced its pound with two rand per pound. C948
• 1976-08-23: territorial_currency_replacement: Botswana introduced the pula in exchange for the rand at par. C949
• 1974-09-06: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: The lilangeni became local money alongside the rand, with equal value and a programme to return rand cash. C950
• 1980-01: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Lesotho introduced the loti at par with the previously circulating rand. C951
• 1993-09-15: local_issue_succeeds_imported_currency: Namibia introduced its dollar at par with the previously circulating rand. C952

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C206

• 2024: Zimbabwe Gold introduction C206

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C207

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C210, C219, C221, C222, C227, C725, C726, C727, C728, C731, C733, C735, C741, C1032

• after 1204: royal_adoption: Philippe Auguste adopts the Saint-Martin type for western royal money after the Norman conquest. C725
• after 1204: coexisting_systems: Royal tournois adoption coexists with the parisis system. C726
• medieval period: regional_accounting_system: Tournois is the Tours-derived variant of the livre–sou–denier system. C727
• 1360-12-05: ordinance: The franc à cheval is authorized at one livre tournois. C728
• 1575: coin_tariff: Henri III’s silver franc is valued at one livre tournois. C731
• 1795-04-07: unit_replacement: The law of 18 germinal III names the franc in place of the livre. C733
• 1796-04: conversion_tariff: The tariff equates 1.0125 livres tournois with 1 franc. C735
• Revolutionary period: instrument_denomination: Assignats are monetary instruments denominated in the monetary units of the period. C741

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Denier and its accounting multiples; 240-denier pound not asserted for every early date. Seventh-century continuity is qualified.

C232, C1026, C1027, C1031, C1046, C1028, C1029, C1030, C1032, C1033, C1034, C1043, C1047, C1048, C1056

• 755: Account solidus of twelve denarii C1026
• 794: Carolingian 240-denier pound reckoning C1027
• c.670–675: Qualified extension from late-Merovingian deniers; account continuity inferred C1031
• 743–744: Annual payment obligation in solidus defined as twelve denarii; no 240-denier pound asserted here C1046

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C271, C272, C294

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C296, C297, C298, C303, C304

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C305, C385, C386, C388, C389, C390, C391, C392, C393, C394, C395, C396, C397

• 1 November 1860: mandatory decimal public accounts C305
• 1 October 1852: optional decimal accounts effective: optional decimal accounts; not first dollar usage C385, C386
• 1 November 1860: mandatory public-account dollars and cents: mandatory public accounts, not universal private-account prohibition C388, C392

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C306, C307

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C307, C308, C312

• December 1871–February 1872 transition: decimal-account transition, not earliest dollar notes C307

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C309, C311

• 1 January 1863 as specified in section I: specified public-account commencement C309

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C310, C311, C312

• 1 January 1866 specified; approval-proclamation clause retained: specified public-account commencement, conditional statutory context C310

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C335, C336

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C385, C386, C387, C388, C389, C395, C396, C397

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C398, C399, C400, C401, C402, C403, C405, C406, C412, C413, C416, C418, C419, C432, C433

• 26 June 1913: WACB currency issue; original report not independently reread: 26 June 1913: WACB currency issue; original report not independently reread C398
• 11 July 1916; small balance reported in June: 11 July 1916; small balance reported in June C399
• 1 September 1966: Gambia, notes only: 1 September 1966: Gambia, notes only C402
• 1 June 1968: Gambia, coins: 1 June 1968: Gambia, coins C402
• 1 July 1962: Nigeria only: 1 July 1962: Nigeria only C413

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C406, C407

• 14 July 1958: 14 July 1958 C406
• 19 July 1965: cedi introduction, not proven final pound redemption: 19 July 1965: cedi introduction, not proven final pound redemption C407

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C407, C408, C409, C410, C411, C422, C423, C424, C425, C426, C430

• 19 July 1965: 19 July 1965 C407
• 17 February 1967: 17 February 1967 C408
• March 1973: new cedi becomes cedi: March 1973: new cedi becomes cedi C409
• 9 March 1979; full threshold mechanics unresolved: 9 March 1979; full threshold mechanics unresolved C410
• 23 March 2007; reported by the annual report: 23 March 2007; reported by the annual report C426
• 3 July 2007; explicit annual-report cash date: 3 July 2007; explicit annual-report cash date C422, C423
• By 1 January 2008, with exchange continuing: By 1 January 2008, with exchange continuing C424

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C412, C413, C414, C415, C433, C456

• 1 July 1959: 1 July 1959 C412
• 1 January 1973: 1 January 1973 C415

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C415, C456, C457, C458, C459

• 1 January 1973: 1 January 1973 C415
• 15 February 1973; qualified statutory reproduction: 15 February 1973; qualified statutory reproduction C457
• 1 October 1973; qualified statutory reproduction: 1 October 1973; qualified statutory reproduction C458

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C416, C417, C418, C419, C427, C429, C431

• 4 August 1964: 4 August 1964 C418
• 1 July 2022: 1 July 2022 C427
• December 2023; day not established by inspected source: December 2023; day not established by inspected source C429

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C404, C420, C421, C428

• 1 October 1964; indexed issuer account: 1 October 1964; indexed issuer account C420
• 5 October 1964: 5 October 1964 C404
• 1 July 1971: 1 July 1971 C428

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C428

• 1 July 1971: 1 July 1971 C428

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C545

• 20 March 1980: 20 March 1980 C545

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C608, C609, C610, C611, C612, C613, C614, C615

• 26 April 1920 order; commencement provision unresolved: 26 April 1920 order; commencement provision unresolved C608
• 29 December 1920 ordinance; authorisation, not first issue: 29 December 1920 ordinance; authorisation, not first issue C611
• 1 January 1922, covered old florin amounts; old cash survives: 1 January 1922, covered old florin amounts; old cash survives C613, C612, C614

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C670, C671, C860, C861

• Finland: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Finland: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C670, C671, C646
• Finland: euro cash legal-tender start: Finland: euro cash legal-tender start C671
• 1860–1863: territorial_unit_derivation: Finland introduced the markka as one quarter of a silver ruble in 1860, replacing rubles in accounts and transactions from 1863. C860
• 1963-01-01: redenomination: One new Finnish markka replaced 100 old markkaa. C861

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C674, C675, C868, C869

• Ireland: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Ireland: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C674, C675, C646
• Ireland: euro cash legal-tender start: Ireland: euro cash legal-tender start C675
• 1927–1928: territorial_currency_separation: The Saorstat pound established a national currency at sterling parity under the 1927 Act, followed by the 1928 issue. C868
• 1937: currency_rename: Saorstat pound was renamed Irish pound without a new unit scale. C869

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C678, C679, C786, C787, C788, C789, C791

• Luxembourg: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Luxembourg: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C678, C679, C646
• Luxembourg: euro cash legal-tender start: Luxembourg: euro cash legal-tender start C679
• 1918: name_attestation: The name Luxembourg franc first appears in a grand-ducal decree. C786
• 1929: monetary_association_parity: Luxembourg–Belgium parity is formalized. C787
• 1935: monetary_association_parity: Luxembourg does not follow the full Belgian devaluation. C788
• 1944: monetary_association_parity: Equal Luxembourg–Belgium parity is restored. C789
• 1999-01-01: currency_replacement: Luxembourg euro conversion. C791

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C684, C685, C864, C865, C866, C867

• Greece: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Greece: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C684, C685, C646
• Greece: euro cash legal-tender start: Greece: euro cash legal-tender start C685
• 1833: currency_replacement: Otto’s decree replaced the phoenix with the drachma. C864
• 1833: name_revival: The modern drachma deliberately reused the ancient Greek currency name. C865
• 1944-11-11: redenomination: The postwar drachma replaced 50 billion occupation-era drachmas. C866
• 1954: redenomination: One new drachma replaced 1,000 postwar drachmas. C867

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C686, C687, C842, C843

• Slovenia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Slovenia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C686, C687, C646
• Slovenia: euro cash legal-tender start: Slovenia: euro cash legal-tender start C687
• 1991-10-08: territorial_currency_separation: Slovenian tolars replaced Yugoslav dinars at par. C842
• 1992-09-30: regular_banknotes_issued: Regular tolar banknotes followed the 1991 temporary payment notes. C843

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C688, C689, C873, C874, C875

• Cyprus: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Cyprus: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C688, C689, C646
• Cyprus: euro cash legal-tender start: Cyprus: euro cash legal-tender start C689
• 1879: territorial_unit_derivation: Cyprus introduced a local coinage system of 180 piastres per English gold pound. C873
• 1955: decimalization: The Cyprus pound was divided into 1,000 mils. C874
• 1983: subdivision_change: Cyprus replaced mils with 100 cents to the same pound. C875

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C690, C691, C870, C871, C872

• Malta: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Malta: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C690, C691, C646
• Malta: euro cash legal-tender start: Malta: euro cash legal-tender start C691
• 1914–1972: territorial_unit_derivation: Malta’s local pound-note system developed within the British pound framework before the independent decimal coinage. C870
• 1972-05-16: decimalization: Malta decimalized while retaining the pound as its unit. C871
• 1983-01-01: currency_rename: Maltese pound was renamed Maltese lira. C872

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C692, C693, C859

• Slovakia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Slovakia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C692, C693, C646
• Slovakia: euro cash legal-tender start: Slovakia: euro cash legal-tender start C693
• 1993-02-08: territorial_currency_separation: Slovak korunas replaced Czechoslovak korunas at par. C859

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C694, C695, C824, C825

• Estonia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Estonia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C694, C695, C646
• Estonia: euro cash legal-tender start: Estonia: euro cash legal-tender start C695
• 1992-06-20: territorial_currency_separation: Estonia generally exchanged 10 rubles per kroon. C824
• 1992: name_revival: The restored kroon revived the interwar currency name and symbols. C825

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C696, C697, C830, C831

• Latvia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Latvia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C696, C697, C646
• Latvia: euro cash legal-tender start: Latvia: euro cash legal-tender start C697
• 1993-03-05: currency_replacement: The lats entered at 200 Latvian rubles per lats. C830
• 1993: name_revival: Latvia restored the lats name after the Soviet-era interruption. C831

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C698, C699, C838, C839

• Lithuania: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Lithuania: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C698, C699, C646
• Lithuania: euro cash legal-tender start: Lithuania: euro cash legal-tender start C699
• 1993-06-25: currency_replacement: Lithuania exchanged 100 talonas per litas. C838
• 1993: name_revival: The 1993 litas revived the interwar national currency name. C839

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C700, C701, C841

• Croatia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Croatia: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C700, C701, C646
• Croatia: euro cash legal-tender start: Croatia: euro cash legal-tender start C701
• 1994-05-30: currency_replacement: One kuna replaced 1,000 Croatian dinars. C841

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C702, C703, C876, C877, C878

• Bulgaria: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender: Bulgaria: monetary substitution; not necessarily last cash tender C702, C703, C646
• Bulgaria: euro cash legal-tender start: Bulgaria: euro cash legal-tender start C703
• 1952-05-12: monetary_reform: Bulgaria’s 1952 reform converted cash at 100:1, with different rules for prices and deposits. C876
• 1962-01-01: redenomination: One new lev replaced 10 old leva. C877
• 1999-07-05: redenomination: One new lev replaced 1,000 old leva. C878

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C652, C653, C654, C656

• Decision for Lomé aid; not retail-currency launch: Decision for Lomé aid; not retail-currency launch C652
• ACP assistance and previous-convention operations: ACP assistance and previous-convention operations C656

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Documented accounting unit; circulating coins or banknotes are not required.

C726, C1033

• after 1204: coexisting_systems: Royal tournois adoption coexists with the parisis system. C726

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C743, C745, C748, C749, C750, C751, C767, C771, C776, C977

• 1945-12-26: parity_framework: The decree establishes the CFA grouping and its metropolitan-franc parity. C743
• 1945-12-26: peg: Initial CFA/metropolitan parity. C745
• 1948-10-17: peg: The CFA parity becomes two old French francs. C748
• 1960-01-01: peg: France’s new unit restates the CFA parity. C749
• 1959: regional_institutional_continuity: The western CFA branch develops under BCEAO. C750
• 1959–1972: regional_institutional_continuity: The central CFA branch develops through its own central-bank institutions. C751
• 1963-07-01: regional_currency_continuity: The Malagasy franc designation marks the independent national branch. C767
• 1950–1975: regional_currency_continuity: Comoros has local franc issues under BMC and then IEC. C771
• 1949-03: territorial_currency_separation: Djibouti’s separate dollar-linked franc follows the territorial CFA period. C776
• 1945-12-26: territorial_currency_separation: The CFA unit separates from the metropolitan-franc monetary system in the 1945 reform. C977

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C758, C759

• 1972-10-02: redenomination: The syli replaces the first Guinean franc. C758
• 1986-01-06: currency_replacement: Guinea restores the franc. C759

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C760, C761

• 1962-07-01: territorial_currency_replacement: Mali introduces its own franc. C760
• 1984-06-01: territorial_readoption: Mali returns to CFA currency. C761

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C764

• 1997-05-02: territorial_adoption: Guinea-Bissau exchanges pesos for CFA francs. C764

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C765

• 1985-01-02: territorial_adoption: Equatorial Guinea adopts CFA currency. C765

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C778, C779

• 1799-03-19: decimal_model_adoption: The Helvetic franc uses a French-inspired decimal scheme on a Bernese monetary basis. C778
• 1799 to 1850: historical_precedent: The Helvetic experiment precedes federal unification. C779

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C818, C832

• 1918-11-30: unit_standard_adoption: The Estonian mark was initially defined at parity with the ostmark. C818
• 1922-10-02: currency_replacement: Lithuania introduced litas and began exchanging ostmarks. C832

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C818, C819, C820, C821, C825

• 1918-11-30: unit_standard_adoption: The Estonian mark was initially defined at parity with the ostmark. C818
• 1928-01-01: redenomination: The kroon replaced 100 Estonian marks. C819
• 1940-11: territorial_adoption: Estonia introduced Soviet rubles at 1.25 rubles per kroon. C820
• 1941-03-25: withdrawal: Estonian kroons lost validity under Soviet occupation. C821

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C826

• 1922-08-03: currency_replacement: Latvia defined one lats as 50 Latvian rubles. C826

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C826, C827, C831

• 1922-08-03: currency_replacement: Latvia defined one lats as 50 Latvian rubles. C826
• 1940–1941: territorial_adoption: The Soviet currency system displaced the lats, withdrawn on 25 March 1941. C827

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C828, C829, C830

• 1992-05-07: territorial_currency_separation: Latvian rubles entered alongside Soviet and Russian notes at 1:1. C828
• 1992-07-20: sole_tender: The Latvian ruble became the sole mandatory domestic payment unit; bank accounts were converted. C829
• 1993-03-05: currency_replacement: The lats entered at 200 Latvian rubles per lats. C830

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C832, C833, C834, C839

• 1922-10-02: currency_replacement: Lithuania introduced litas and began exchanging ostmarks. C832
• 1940-11: territorial_adoption: Soviet rubles entered Lithuania at 0.9 ruble per litas. C833
• 1941-03-25: withdrawal: Lithuania’s interwar litas was prohibited under Soviet rule. C834

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C836, C837, C838

• 1992-05-01: instrument_evolution: General coupons became ruble substitutes before the talonas became the sole currency. C836
• 1992-10-01: territorial_currency_separation: Lithuania replaced rubles with talonas at 1:1. C837
• 1993-06-25: currency_replacement: Lithuania exchanged 100 talonas per litas. C838

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C840, C841

• 1991-12-23: territorial_currency_separation: Croatian dinars replaced Yugoslav dinars at par. C840
• 1994-05-30: currency_replacement: One kuna replaced 1,000 Croatian dinars. C841

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C845, C846

• 1918–1919: territorial_currency_separation: The imperial currency area broke into successor systems, including the Austrian crown. C845
• 1925: currency_replacement: The schilling replaced the Austrian crown at 10,000 crowns per schilling. C846

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C846, C847, C850

• 1925: currency_replacement: The schilling replaced the Austrian crown at 10,000 crowns per schilling. C846
• 1938-03-17: territorial_adoption: Austria adopted the Reichsmark at 1.5 schillings per Reichsmark. C847

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C852, C853, C854

• 1919: territorial_currency_separation: Czechoslovak currency separated from the Austro-Hungarian crown through the 1919 reform. C852
• 1939: territorial_currency_separation: The Protectorate koruna succeeded the Czechoslovak currency in Bohemia and Moravia. C853
• 1939-04-04: territorial_currency_separation: Slovakia established its own koruna in place of the Czechoslovak currency. C854

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C853, C855

• 1939: territorial_currency_separation: The Protectorate koruna succeeded the Czechoslovak currency in Bohemia and Moravia. C853
• 1945-11-01: multiple_currency_unification: Czech and Slovak monetary areas were reunified into the Czechoslovak koruna at 1:1. C855

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C854, C856

• 1939-04-04: territorial_currency_separation: Slovakia established its own koruna in place of the Czechoslovak currency. C854
• 1945-11-01: multiple_currency_unification: The wartime Slovak koruna joined the restored Czechoslovak currency at 1:1. C856

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C862, C863, C864

• 1828–1829: currency_establishment: Greece selected the phoenix in 1828; the first coins were minted in 1829 bearing 1828 dates. C862
• 1828: unit_standard_adoption: The phoenix was valued at one sixth of the Spanish dollar. C863
• 1833: currency_replacement: Otto’s decree replaced the phoenix with the drachma. C864

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C880

• 1873-07-09: multiple_currency_unification: South German florins entered at twelve marks per seven florins. C880

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C891, C892, C893, C894

• 1948-06-24: territorial_currency_separation: The Soviet occupation zone began issuing its separate mark currency. C891
• 1964: currency_renaming: The eastern currency became Mark der Deutschen Notenbank. C892
• 1968: currency_renaming: The eastern currency became Mark der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. C893
• 1990-07-01: territorial_adoption: East Germany adopted Deutsche Mark; wages and savings followed different conversion rules. C894

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C920, C921

• 1918–1920: territorial_currency_separation: Imperial crown notes continued in the kingdom’s former Habsburg territories. C920
• 1920-02: multiple_currency_unification: Crown exchange into dinars began at four crowns per dinar. C921

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C919, C921, C922

• 1918–1920: currency_area_extension: The new South Slav kingdom retained the Serbian dinar as its monetary unit. C919
• 1920-02: multiple_currency_unification: Crown exchange into dinars began at four crowns per dinar. C921
• 1941: territorial_currency_separation: Occupied Serbia acquired a separate Serbian dinar after Yugoslavia’s partition. C922

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C922, C923

• 1941: territorial_currency_separation: Occupied Serbia acquired a separate Serbian dinar after Yugoslavia’s partition. C922
• 1945: multiple_currency_unification: Postwar Yugoslav dinars replaced occupation money, including Serbian occupation dinars. C923

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Scoped currency identity; see evidence and original identity audit.

C983, C984

• 1825–1850: territorial_unit_derivation: Barbados’s colonial currency combined sterling coinage with local dollar-denominated bank notes by 1850. C983
• 1951: multiple_currency_unification: BCCB notes took over the note circulation of Barbados, British Guiana and Trinidad in 1951. C984

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.

Unit in which military pay obligations are reckoned; associated coins are instruments, not separate currencies.

C1038, C1037, C1039, C1040, C1041, C1055

• 401 BCE (Xenophon’s campaign): Military pay expressed in darics; ancient testimony cited through Alram C1038

Profile details: currency-profiles.json. Anchors are observations, not proven lifespan boundaries.