Family Tree of Money · Research revision 19 · 11 October 2026

Earlier accounting evidence.
A clearer boundary at Rome.

The available v17 package and your v18 summary have been reconciled into a reproducible research revision. No complete evidenced account-unit ancestry path from a modern currency to Lydia has been established.

277scoped currency identities
33claims added to v17
743–744earlier Frankish legal anchor
8endpoint codes reach ≤800, qualified paths included

Reconstruction, not recovery of the original v18 file. The 22 supplied claim IDs are retained and rechecked. One cited source, S484, remains unidentified. New node and edge IDs are explicitly marked as v19 additions. All original v17 files are archived unchanged.

What changed

The existing Frankish identity now includes a dated payment rule of 743–744, alongside the recovered 755 and 794 observations. Its c.670–675 extension remains an inference. Sterling gains an observation in William I’s reign. Two regional links reconnect tournois and parisis, with unresolved local stages labelled on those edges.

The daric is admitted as a unit of military pay. Its coin types and silver denomination remain associated records. A treasury inventory is kept distinct from an obligation denominated in the unit.

Research findings and remaining gaps

RouteFindingEvidence
Western late-Roman solidus → Frankish reckoning
open narrowed		743–744 supplies a direct twelve-denarius obligation. The 816 exception requires context-specific legal units.
Next: Collate Merovingian legal redactions and dated transactions against the later settlement rules; decide whether these are denominations, coexisting units or continuity epochs.		C1034, C1046, C1047, C1048, C1056
Hellenistic → Roman accounting, Egypt
exchange evidence not ancestry		Dated local exchange evidence is available; an exchange rate alone does not give a succession edge.
Next: Collate P.Achm.8 and the Edfu receipts, then trace local obligations across the Ptolemaic/Roman and later reforms.		C1049, C1050, C1051
Persian → Hellenistic accounting at Sardis
obligation found unit identity open		A mortgage gives a local gold-denominated obligation after the conquest; mapping its unit to daric/Macedonian units remains open.
Next: Read I.Sardis I 1 in its critical edition and compare pre-conquest temple obligations; distinguish fiscal continuity from unit continuity.		C1052, C1053
Electrum → Croeseids → Persian royal issues
coinage succession supported identity grouping open		Issue succession is supported; a standard, issuer or design change alone cannot justify separate currency nodes.
Next: Test one continuous account-unit profile versus distinct independently reckoned units using obligations, not treasury inventories alone.		C1035, C1036, C1037, C1054, C1055
Modern dinar/dirham branches → medieval Islamic units
open		Inherited mint use remains contextual evidence. No universal chain from shared modern names.
Next: Select an endpoint and trace its local predecessor obligations before extending into medieval units.		C1042

Uncertainty belongs to the claim it qualifies

Currency identity / supported edgeQualified edgeUnresolved edge

A qualified ancient ancestor does not make the USD, or any other descendant’s own currency line, uncertain. Date uncertainty needs its own labelled band or open endpoint. The import data and adapter implement this separation; the atlas applies these rules to the displayed graph.

Audit limits

The 154 endpoint codes are inherited scope, not a fresh October 2026 currency census. Reach to 1500 is 49/154. Deep reach includes explicitly qualified links and optional founding-unit references; it does not certify every intermediate stage or every ancestor.

Currency identities remain distinct from coins, banknotes, issuers and standards. No new currency is created solely by redenomination, revaluation or a metal-standard change. Family-neighbour ordering is deferred.

New claim register

IDStatementStatusSources
C1024William I’s reign supplies the Royal Mint Museum’s 240-pence currency-pound anchor.supportedS140
C1025The museum qualifies the early transmission of Frankish reckoning to England.qualifiedS140
C1026Rovelli interprets the 755 reckoning as twelve denarii per account solidus.supportedS483
C1027By the 794 reform, the reckoning comprised 240 denarii, twenty solidi and an account pound.supportedS483
C1028Rovelli dates Merovingian silver denarii approximately to 670–675.supportedS483
C1029Pepin reformed existing pennies; Charlemagne later strengthened their weight.supportedS483
C1030The medieval denarius reused a Roman name without its classical metrology.supportedS483
C1031A qualified identity profile can extend Frankish reckoning to late-Merovingian deniers.supported_inferenceS483
C1032Tournois can be treated as a qualified regional descendant of Frankish denier–livre reckoning.supported_inferenceS127, S371, S483
C1033Parisis can likewise be treated as a qualified regional descendant of Frankish reckoning.supported_inferenceS127, S483
C1034The solidus survived chiefly as an account unit in the early medieval West.supportedS483
C1035Late-seventh-century excavated contexts contain Lydian and neighbouring electrum issues.supportedS129
C1036Kroll describes Croesus replacing electrum with gold-and-silver issues.supportedS129
C1037Persian rulers continued Croeseids before introducing royal archer issues.supportedS129, S485
C1038Persian military pay was conventionally reckoned at one daric monthly.supportedS485
C1039An Athenian treasury account records gold darics in 429/428 BCE.supportedS485
C1040Alram reports an official rating of twenty sigloi per daric.supportedS485
C1041Macedonian gold displaced the daric’s prominence; daric-type production also continued under Alexander.supportedS485
C1042Early Muslim rulers retained Byzantine and Sasanian mints while changing designs gradually.supportedS175
C1043Sgambati offers a broad Roman-to-medieval account-money narrative through Bloch.qualifiedS486
C1044Lafaurie places royal tournois adoption after the 1204 Norman conquest.supportedS127
C1045The v18 summary reports no complete evidenced modern-to-Lydian account-unit ancestry path.unresolved
C1046Liptines requires an annual solidus, defined as twelve denarii, per casada of retained church property; the text is dated 743–744.supportedS487, S488
C1047The 816 rule pays Salic-law debts in twelve-denarius solidi, retaining forty for a Saxon or Frisian killing a Salic Frank.supportedS489
C1048The 816 rule establishes scoped legal reckonings, not a universal late-Roman-to-Frankish identity or conversion.supported_inferenceS489
C1049P.Achm. 8 (197 CE) equates a 250-denarius fine to 1,000 drachmas, plus 62.5 drachmas agio.supportedS490
C1050Edfu receipts of 71/72–88 CE record eight drachmas plus two obols for the two-denarius tax.supportedS490
C1051Mitthof locates explicit parity evidence in the Flavian period; these receipts cannot alone prove Augustan parity or unit ancestry.supported_inferenceS490
C1052The third-century BCE Mnesimachos mortgage records a 1,325-chrysous loan at Sardis.supportedS491
C1053The Sardis mortgage supplies a local obligation; its gold-unit label alone cannot identify a daric-to-Macedonian conversion.supported_inferenceS491
C1054Kroll cites Croeseids among treasury holdings at Athens in 440/439 BCE; inventory alone does not prove an independent account unit.supported_inferenceS129
C1055Kroll and Alram describe the Persian gold-weight transition differently; this review leaves the Croeseid/daric identity boundary open.qualifiedS129, S485
C1056The 797 Saxon commodity tariff explicitly reckons twelve silver denarii per solidus.supportedS492