BGU III 726 dates a loan to 19 October 481. Its principal is one gold solidus less four keratia; repayment is flax of the equivalent value at repayment, with wheat interest. This demonstrates an account valuation beyond simply counting an unchanged coin.

P.Lond.V 1737 records a debt of 3⅓ gold nomismata/solidi by the local Syene standard, with interest stated in gold carats per solidus. It is dated 9 February 613.

On 26December642 the amīr Abd Allah orders fodder for military personnel valued at three nomismata. The unit measures an obligation in goods under the new administration.

On 29November643 a requisition to the fiscal administrator of Herakleopolis values fodder at fourteen nomismata; its endorsement repeats that value.

An Egyptian debt register dated AH57 specifies dinars of the believers for repayment. The debt evidence is real; association with the broader local gold-account profile is qualified because the required issue’s interpretation remains debated. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.

P.Ness.46, 16July605, acknowledges nine imperial solidi less nine carats on the Gaza standard, with an express repayment obligation. This Palestinian observation is only a qualified regional association with the existing Egyptian solidus/nomisma profile. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.

The bilingual release P.Ness.56, 18January687, describes one fifty-unit obligation as dinars in Arabic and solidi in Greek: thirty were repaid and twenty remitted. Their equivalence within this account is explicit; wider regional grouping remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.

P.Ness.55 combines a tax receipt and a private acknowledgement of debt for the same 4⅓ nomismata. Its proposed 11 April 682 dating carries a question mark; the Palestinian association is also qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.

PSI IX 1074 orders payment of 4½⅓ solidi. Its corrected date is 15 October 400 CE; the fractional amount supplies account-unit evidence.

Continue the Egyptian profile across the Arab conquest: inherited nomisma valuation remains in dated fiscal orders. Attach the Palestinian bilingual and loan evidence as explicitly qualified regional associations, without inventing a new unit solely from political rule or language.

Bagnall and Bransbourg find gold dominant in larger Egyptian transactions after the mid-fourth century, while payments reckoned in drachmas, talents and denarii continue. Their evidence supports coexistence and changing use, not a single universal denarius-to-solidus conversion. No succession or step-parent edge is added in this pass.

CTh 7.13.7.2, issued at Antioch on 2 June 375, assesses a recruit obligation at 36 solidi, including six for clothing and expenses. This is an Eastern imperial account observation.

CTh 7.13.13, Padua, 24 September 397, allows senators to discharge recruitment obligations by paying 25 solidi per recruit to the treasury. This is a Western imperial account observation.

CTh 7.13.20, Ravenna, 8 February 410, assesses recruits from African and island administrations at 30 solidi. Different recruitment assessments do not imply different account units.

Broaden the retained solidus–nomisma profile to imperial and regional accounting. Western and Eastern imperial obligations support a shared account tradition. Local Egyptian, Palestinian and early Arabic identity associations retain their existing qualifications; this does not assert identical local metal standards.

Frankish reckoning continues the late-Roman solidus account tradition: solidus reckoning survived the change from gold tremisses to silver deniers. Admit regional ancestry; the exact differentiation date and intermediate local stages remain unresolved.

Visigothic law and finance retained Roman solidus accounting after local solidus coin production ceased. Admit a regional continuation, with its differentiation chronology unresolved.

A gold siliqua or keration is one twenty-fourth of a solidus. Rovelli rejects the assumption that the late Roman silver coins conventionally called siliquae necessarily carried that nominal value. Their modern name cannot establish a permanent peg or a denarius→antoninianus→argenteus→siliqua account genealogy.

Bagnall’s fourth-century Egyptian evidence treats solidi and silver bullion as independently valued in denarii after324. Gold could itself denominate prices without an automatic denarius equivalence. Retain two overlapping account profiles; no fixed adopted-basis relationship is established.

Admit a qualified gold-account branch through Roman monetary reforms: the aureus was a denomination of denarius/sestertius reckoning; gold valuation separated, and the solidus replaced the aureus and became an independent accounting basis. This is our synthesis of documented monetary transformation, not a quoted genealogical conclusion. The274–375 research envelope compresses reform and account emergence, not a founding date, fixed conversion or end of denarius reckoning.

Kurt identifies Roman gold coinage as the Visigothic starting point and describes close early imitation. He discusses prestige alongside fiscal and other uses. The admitted Roman-to-Visigothic account ancestry rests additionally on continued solidus reckoning; visual imitation is corroboration, and a universal legitimacy motive is not assumed.

BGU III 726 dates a loan to 19 October 481. Its principal is one gold solidus less four keratia; repayment is flax of the equivalent value at repayment, with wheat interest. This demonstrates an account valuation beyond simply counting an unchanged coin.

P.Lond.V 1737 records a debt of 3⅓ gold nomismata/solidi by the local Syene standard, with interest stated in gold carats per solidus. It is dated 9 February 613.

On 26December642 the amīr Abd Allah orders fodder for military personnel valued at three nomismata. The unit measures an obligation in goods under the new administration.

On 29November643 a requisition to the fiscal administrator of Herakleopolis values fodder at fourteen nomismata; its endorsement repeats that value.

An Egyptian debt register dated AH57 specifies dinars of the believers for repayment. The debt evidence is real; association with the broader local gold-account profile is qualified because the required issue’s interpretation remains debated. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.

P.Ness.46, 16July605, acknowledges nine imperial solidi less nine carats on the Gaza standard, with an express repayment obligation. This Palestinian observation is only a qualified regional association with the existing Egyptian solidus/nomisma profile. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.

The bilingual release P.Ness.56, 18January687, describes one fifty-unit obligation as dinars in Arabic and solidi in Greek: thirty were repaid and twenty remitted. Their equivalence within this account is explicit; wider regional grouping remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.

P.Ness.55 combines a tax receipt and a private acknowledgement of debt for the same 4⅓ nomismata. Its proposed 11 April 682 dating carries a question mark; the Palestinian association is also qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.

PSI IX 1074 orders payment of 4½⅓ solidi. Its corrected date is 15 October 400 CE; the fractional amount supplies account-unit evidence.

CTh 7.13.7.2, issued at Antioch on 2 June 375, assesses a recruit obligation at 36 solidi, including six for clothing and expenses. This is an Eastern imperial account observation.

CTh 7.13.13, Padua, 24 September 397, allows senators to discharge recruitment obligations by paying 25 solidi per recruit to the treasury. This is a Western imperial account observation.

CTh 7.13.20, Ravenna, 8 February 410, assesses recruits from African and island administrations at 30 solidi. Different recruitment assessments do not imply different account units.