Evidence coverage: 1795–2002. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
Tunisia adopted the French franc unit in the implemented 1891 reform while replacing local piastre accounting.
1891 · unit adoption event
French franc unit adopted; no universal cash-conversion ratio asserted.
Officially reported unit substitution and franc-denominated issues.
The piastre remains the local succession parent. No continuing peg duration is inferred.
Unit adoption is a historical event; no continuing peg is inferred. Excluded from ancestry, sibling relationships and depth.
Evidence and relationship details Register entry →The federal Swiss franc adopts the French silver-franc standard. Standard relationship, not French currency replacement in Switzerland.
C781, C1652Belgium legislates the French decimal silver-franc standard. Law date; does not assert a blanket 1:1 exchange of every preceding local unit.
C782, C1653Supporting material, not parents or children.
The western territorial CFA lineage branches from metropolitan-franc reckoning in1945 and continues through later union institutions.
Sources and qualifications →The central territorial CFA lineage branches from metropolitan-franc reckoning in1945 and continues through later union institutions.
Sources and qualifications →Frenchfranc was adopted as Tunisia’s monetaryreference in1891,while the actual localreplacement was Tunisianpiastre→Tunisianfranc. KeepFrenchconnection as context for account-system adoption,not a second replacementparent. The localpiastreparent supplies directsuccession; Frenchmodeladoption alone doesnot prove a separateflow ofFrench-unit debts intoTunisianunit. Excludefromancestryreachmetrics.
Sources and qualifications →The federal Swiss franc adopts the French silver-franc standard. Standard relationship, not French currency replacement in Switzerland. The retained evidence establishes a metal or valuation standard, not succession of the principal unit of account. Keep it as profile context; exclude it from ancestry traversal.
Sources and qualifications →Belgium legislates the French decimal silver-franc standard. Law date; does not assert a blanket 1:1 exchange of every preceding local unit. The retained evidence establishes a metal or valuation standard, not succession of the principal unit of account. Keep it as profile context; exclude it from ancestry traversal.
Sources and qualifications →Retire the umbrella currency endpoint; distribute its actual territorial ancestry below. The grouping is not demonstrated to be one account unit. Preserve evidence as noncurrency context.
Sources and qualifications →The territorial Malagasy franc separated from metropolitan-franc reckoning in the1945 regional reform.
Sources and qualifications →The Bulgarian decree of11July1879 denominated its national monetary tariff in French francs; this was a local public-account use before creation of the lev.
Sources and qualifications →French-administered Algerian fiscal assessments were expressed in francs by1845; the historical study also reproduces1846–49public receipts in francs from official colonial returns.
Sources and qualifications →Livre-to-franc succession is supported with transitional treatment:1799 law preserves old obligations in livre value while providing their settlement under franc reckoning;contemporary courts enforce the distinction. Actual obligation treatment strengthens naming reform. Broaden date to1795–1799 instead of asserting all accounting changed7 April1795.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
The Bulgarian decree of11July1879 denominated its national monetary tariff in French francs; this was a local public-account use before creation of the lev.
C1766French-administered Algerian fiscal assessments were expressed in francs by1845; the historical study also reproduces1846–49public receipts in francs from official colonial returns.
C1773The new franc replaces 100 old francs.
100 Revolutionary franc, 1795 reform per 1 French franc (euro-conversion scale)V0118 · The new franc replaces 100 old francs.
C737Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
Delage quotes the 15 August 1795 law defining a five-gram franc at nine-tenths silver.
C2201 EUR = 6.55957 FRF. France: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C672, C673, C646France: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
C673The revolutionary monetary unit reuses the historic franc name. Not one continuously circulating national currency since 1360.
C732The law of 18 germinal III names the franc in place of the livre. Naming law; separate from silver specification and later conversion tariff.
C733The silver franc is defined as 5 g at 900‰ fineness: 4.5 g fine silver. 28 thermidor III; metal definition is not the earliest naming of the modern unit.
C734Corrected interpretation: Revision 28 supplies a new evidence basis for R0072. Actual obligation treatment strengthens naming reform. Broaden date to1795–1799 instead of asserting all accounting changed7 April1795. Current evidence: Livre-to-franc succession is supported with transitional treatment:1799 law preserves old obligations in livre value while providing their settlement under franc reckoning;contemporary courts enforce the distinction.
C735The germinal reform establishes the franc’s bimetallic regime. 7 germinal XI; not a new currency born in 1803.
C736The new franc replaces 100 old francs.
C737France’s dual-circulation period ends. Legal-tender end is distinct from later redemption deadlines.
C740Initial CFA/metropolitan parity.
C745Initial Pacific/metropolitan parity.
C746The CFA parity becomes two old French francs.
C748France’s new unit restates the CFA parity. The CFA unit itself is not divided by 100.
C749Western CFA devaluation takes effect. Decision on 11 January; not a new CFA unit.
C752Central CFA devaluation takes effect. Decision signed 11 January; publication on 24 March is not the effective date.
C753Signed cooperation agreement defines the Comorian parity. Date of signature; not asserted as the legal effective date.
C773Comoros adopts its distinct devalued parity. Not the CFA rate of 100 per French franc.
C774Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
1 EUR = 6.55957 FRF.
art.1, France currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
France: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, France row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
Chicago inventories 100- and 1,000-franc assignats dated 18 Nivôse III, January 1795.
Box 1, folder 4
Describes primary objects; notes themselves not inspected; legal chronology to verify
The law of 18 Germinal III names the monetary unit franc instead of livre and calls its hundredths centimes.
Printed p. 3, articles V and VII; title dated 18 Germinal III
Primary printed law: title and p. 3 visually inspected.
Archive metadata dates this printing to 1798; the law itself is dated 18 Germinal III.
Does not establish August coin specifications or a specie conversion ratio.
Delage quotes the 15 August 1795 law defining a five-gram franc at nine-tenths silver.
Law of 28 Thermidor III paragraph
Secondary quotation, not inspection of original law.
Later history and broad explanatory generalizations excluded; ending-date summary not adopted.
The revolutionary monetary unit reuses the historic franc name. Not one continuously circulating national currency since 1360.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Catalogue dates object and ordinance to 1360; specimen weight is not statutory mass.
Articles V and VII; 7 April 1795. URL filename is misleading
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Franc handoff v2 reports: Transcription inspected; independent host, not original facsimile; reviewer reopened selected passages.
The law of 18 germinal III names the franc in place of the livre. Naming law; separate from silver specification and later conversion tariff.
Article V; decimal subdivisions, Article VII
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Franc handoff v2 reports: Transcription inspected; independent host, not original facsimile; reviewer reopened selected passages.
The silver franc is defined as 5 g at 900‰ fineness: 4.5 g fine silver. 28 thermidor III; metal definition is not the earliest naming of the modern unit.
Printed p.6 / PDF p.2
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
PDF p.15, footnote 7; 1796 date conflicts with S16
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
The tariff equates 1.0125 livres tournois with 1 franc. Preferred reported date: 25 germinal IV / 14 April 1796 (S16). S17 says 24 germinal. Day remains withheld pending the original act.
Corrected interpretation: Revision 28 supplies a new evidence basis for R0072. Actual obligation treatment strengthens naming reform. Broaden date to1795–1799 instead of asserting all accounting changed7 April1795. Replacement evidence: C1797.
Printed p.6 / PDF p.2
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
PDF p.15, footnote 7; 1796 date conflicts with S16
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
The germinal reform establishes the franc’s bimetallic regime. 7 germinal XI; not a new currency born in 1803.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
The new franc replaces 100 old francs.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
The euro succeeds the French franc at the irrevocable conversion rate. Book-money adoption; cash followed in 2002.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
France’s dual-circulation period ends. Legal-tender end is distinct from later redemption deadlines.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Metropolitan French coins circulate in colonial Guinea. An attested regional extension; this row does not assign one first-adoption date to every overseas territory.
Période coloniale
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Initial CFA/metropolitan parity.
PDF p.2; signed 25 December, effective 26 December; Articles 1–3
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Franc handoff v2 reports: Original gazette scan inspected visually through a mirror; not independently reopened in this merge.
Initial Pacific/metropolitan parity.
PDF p.2; signed 25 December, effective 26 December; Articles 1–3
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Franc handoff v2 reports: Original gazette scan inspected visually through a mirror; not independently reopened in this merge.
The CFA parity becomes two old French francs.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
France’s new unit restates the CFA parity. The CFA unit itself is not divided by 100.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Western CFA devaluation takes effect. Decision on 11 January; not a new CFA unit.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Mali: PDF p.64; 1994: PDF p.77
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Central CFA devaluation takes effect. Decision signed 11 January; publication on 24 March is not the effective date.
Annex, Article 1: effective 12 January 1994
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Signed cooperation agreement defines the Comorian parity. Date of signature; not asserted as the legal effective date.
Article 8; Article 12 governs entry into force
Establish ratification/entry into force and earlier franc issue/conversion; the agreement's French-franc parity does not make the French franc a conversion parent.
Comoros adopts its distinct devalued parity. Not the CFA rate of 100 per French franc.
S53, PDF p.13
Establish ratification/entry into force and earlier franc issue/conversion; the agreement's French-franc parity does not make the French franc a conversion parent.
S53, PDF p.13
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
The Helvetic franc uses a French-inspired decimal scheme on a Bernese monetary basis. Different silver standard; no 1:1 French-franc identity.
Helvetic Republic and federal monetary reform sections
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
The federal Swiss franc adopts the French silver-franc standard. Standard relationship, not French currency replacement in Switzerland.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Belgium legislates the French decimal silver-franc standard. Law date; does not assert a blanket 1:1 exchange of every preceding local unit.
Passage on law of 5 June 1832
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
France participates in the Latin Monetary Union convention. Coordination of national coinages, not creation of a single currency.
1865 convention discussion
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
The CFA unit separates from the metropolitan-franc monetary system in the 1945 reform. Earlier territorial issues remain expandable; this records shared unit descent, not a 1.70-to-one exchange of old local notes.
Annex 2, II.C.2, paragraphs on 25–26 December 1945
Monetary separation from the metropolitan franc, not proof that every local predecessor was identical or that wartime circulation was uninterrupted.
The Pacific franc separates from the metropolitan-franc monetary system in the same reform.
Annex 2, II.C.2, paragraphs on 25–26 December 1945
Monetary separation from the metropolitan franc, not proof that every local predecessor was identical or that wartime circulation was uninterrupted.
Distinct Malagasy franc issues followed the French currency introduced after annexation in 1896.
Colonial period: 1896 French currency; law of 22 December 1925 establishing distinct Malagasy franc issues
Tunisia replaced its piastre system with the French franc unit in 1891. The Tunisian piastre is a separate local predecessor still to trace.
Monnayage du Royaume de Tunisie sous le protectorat français, 1891 reform
Contemporary original report La Tunisie confirms article 1 in search-indexed text but full PDF download repeatedly failed502, so it is not counted as inspected evidence.
The 1865 convention codifies a common franc coinage standard with France as one participating monetary system. A shared standard, not a new circulating currency replacing member francs.
Appendix No. 2, monetary convention of 23 December 1865, articles 1–5
Use the treaty text and defined coin standard only.
The report’s earlier account of English medieval money is not adopted.
The western territorial CFA lineage branches from metropolitan-franc reckoning in 1945 and continues through later union institutions.
Decree art1; IMF opening1; Barthélémy275–277
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Decree art1; IMF opening1; Barthélémy275–277
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant full indexed passages inspected in search results, including six-item list and IEM transition paragraphs.
Decree art1; IMF opening1; Barthélémy275–277
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Original article’s first-page transcription read; later pages not inspected.
The central territorial CFA lineage branches from metropolitan-franc reckoning in 1945 and continues through later union institutions.
Decree art1; IMF opening2;1972convention arts7–9,12
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Decree art1; IMF opening2;1972convention arts7–9,12
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant full indexed passages inspected in search results, including six-item list and IEM transition paragraphs.
Decree art1; IMF opening2;1972convention arts7–9,12
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Official Banque de France PDF transcription inspected.
Frenchfranc was adopted as Tunisia’s monetaryreference in 1891,while the actual localreplacement was Tunisianpiastre→Tunisianfranc. KeepFrenchconnection as context for account-system adoption,not a second replacementparent.
Monnayage du Royaume de Tunisie sous le protectorat français, first paragraph (web lines241–247); preceding Husaynid section228–235
Contemporary original report La Tunisie confirms article 1 in search-indexed text but full PDF download repeatedly failed502, so it is not counted as inspected evidence.
The federal Swiss franc adopts the French silver-franc standard. Standard relationship, not French currency replacement in Switzerland.
; retained source evidence behind C781
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Belgium legislates the French decimal silver-franc standard. Law date; does not assert a blanket 1:1 exchange of every preceding local unit.
; retained source evidence behind C782
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Retire the umbrella currency endpoint; distribute its actual territorial ancestry below.
1945decree art1; IMF opening1–6
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
1945decree art1; IMF opening1–6
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant full indexed passages inspected in search results, including six-item list and IEM transition paragraphs.
The territorial Malagasy franc separated from metropolitan-franc reckoning in the1945 regional reform.
Decree art1; Molet42–43
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Decree art1; Molet42–43
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The local franc entered the differentiated territorial CFA reckoning in 1945.
Art1; debt discussion p457
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The Bulgarian decree of11July1879 denominated its national monetary tariff in French francs; this was a local public-account use before creation of the lev.
pp11–12
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
French-administered Algerian fiscal assessments were expressed in francs by1845; the historical study also reproduces1846–49public receipts in francs from official colonial returns.
pp89–90,table5
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Livre-to-franc succession is supported with transitional treatment:1799 law preserves old obligations in livre value while providing their settlement under franc reckoning;contemporary courts enforce the distinction.
p1,lawarts3–4
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The lev succeeded French-franc reckoning in Bulgarian official accounts: the1879national tariff used French francs, while the1880law introduced the lev and required money documents in leva. Scope is Bulgarian public-account succession, not replacement of every foreign coin or obligation.
Fantaccipp10–13; BNB2020body¶2
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Fantaccipp10–13; BNB2020body¶2
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Tunisia adopted the French franc unit in the implemented 1891 reform while replacing local piastre accounting.
Monnayage du Royaume de Tunisie sous le protectorat français, paragraphs 1–6 (web lines 241–247)
Contemporary original report La Tunisie confirms article 1 in search-indexed text but full PDF download repeatedly failed502, so it is not counted as inspected evidence.
Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
arts.1, 1a, 2–3
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.