RESEARCH REVISION 28 · 12 OCTOBER 2026
This pass works back from shallow dated observations and tests qualified major branches against laws, debts, taxes and account records. Coins and matching weights alone do not establish ancestry.
An earlier observation does not establish when a currency began. A qualified early association stays qualified even when a later account is secure. No complete account-unit ancestry path from a modern currency to Lydia has been established.
Download the complete revision 28 package · Exact before-and-after audit · Every path and qualification · Previous modern cleanup audit
These observations belong to existing currency profiles. A legal date, a reconstructed document interval and a regional association retain their individual qualifications.
| Currency | Date | Finding and evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Republic of China yuan — mainland continuity | 1912 | The Nanjing provisional government military public loan was denominated as100million yuan in1912, with subscriptions and sale handled by Bank of China. This establishes early Republican yuan obligations within the existing mainland yuan continuity profile; it does not establish a new unit or nationwide exclusive use. supported · Founding section, fourth enumerated activity: public debt sale |
| Republic of China yuan — mainland continuity | 1914 | The promulgated National Currency Law named yuan as national unit; its regulations prescribed converting tael public accounts and private debts/contracts to yuan. This is explicit legal account-unit recognition. Regional enforcement required subsequent orders, so nationwide accomplished conversion is not asserted. supported · Law art2; enforcement regulations arts6,8,11 |
| Thai baht | 1805 | The Three Seals Code compiled in1805 contains monetary body-price schedules explicitly stated in baht and tamlueng and used to calculate death compensation. Original baht entries provide a legal account-unit anchor for the continuing Thai baht, earlier than the1856 treaty observation. The age of underlying Ayutthaya clauses remains uncertain. supported · pp70–74; Table1 original price columns; compensation discussion p74; note8 |
| Thai baht | 1827 | The Siam commercial agreement ratified17January1827 assessed Bangkok vessel duties at1700 or1500 ticals per Siamese fathom of breadth. This is a dated fiscal obligation in the continuing tical/baht account unit. The1856 agreement references the earlier1700-tical duty. supported · Siam NoII art1, printed113; ratification printed115;1856 reference printed125 |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity | 1497 | The Sudebnik measures litigation and judicial fees in rubles; article 30 names Moscow rubles. This establishes a local account unit before coinage of a ruble denomination. Its pre-unification association with the continuing Muscovite/Imperial profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified. supported_inference · Preamble and articles 3–6, 15–16, 28–30 |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity | 1535–1538 | Glinskaya’s reform standardized the inherited monetary system; the ruble was an account quantity of 100 kopecks. Efimov traces this system into Peter’s reign. supported · CBRsection 3; Efimovp 3 |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity | 1698–1704 | Peter’s reform altered an existing ruble system and expressed inherited account denominations in coins. Surviving accounts distinguish old money accepted, new money issued, and profit. supported · Efimovpp 4–8, 12 |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity | 1810–1840 | The 1839 manifesto restores the 1810 rule, retains the current silver ruble and subdivisions, and requires public and private accounts on that basis; assignment rubles convert at 3.5 per silver ruble. supported · Manifestoclauses 1–6; historypp 49–51 |
| Egyptian pound | 1631–1632 | The Egyptian tribute target was stated as 30 million medins in 1631–1632. This is fiscal account evidence within the earlier medin/para profile. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified. supported_inference · Section 7.3, p 15, citingShaw 1962 pp 283–312 |
| Egyptian pound | 1673–1683 | Mordecai Halevi’s debt ruling treats medin as the account measure for prices, wages and repayment; a medin-denominated loan remains nominal despite altered coin weight. The ruling date is reconstructed. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified. supported_inference · Section 7.3, pp 15–20; Darchei noamII 24 |
| Egyptian pound | 1691–1697 | Abraham Halevi distinguishes government accounts kept in medins from payments in gold or foreign silver, and adjudicates medin-denominated debts through a coin replacement. The ruling date is reconstructed. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified. supported_inference · Section 7.4, pp 23–30; Ginat veradimIV, IV:1 |
| Turkish lira | 1432 | İnalcık reports the Arvanid fiscal register assigning 25 akçe to married non-Muslim householders and 6 akçe to widows, with corresponding amounts retained in MehmedII’s code. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified. supported_inference · İspenceparagraphs 2–3; registeredition 1954 ppXXXII–XXXIII |
| Turkish lira | 1650–1710 | Istanbul court records retain akçe account use as physical coin output recedes. Official bookkeeping increasingly uses a domestically managed kuruş of 120 akçe after 1690. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified. supported_inference · SectionsII–III |
| Turkish lira | 1716–1727 | Later fiscal codes continue akçe-denominated ispence: Mora 1716 and Gence 1727 supply dated account observations beyond the kuruş transition. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified. supported_inference · İspenceparagraph 5 |
| Indian rupee | 1835 | Act XVII addresses discharge of engagements in Company rupees and expressly preserves particular payment clauses in sicca-denominated contracts. supported · Sections III–VI |
| Calcutta sicca rupee | 1793 | Regulation XXXV required sicca-denominated new contracts and revenue payments, as quoted by the Privy Council. supported · Judgment paragraph2 |
| Nepalese rupee | 1806 | Royal directives dated6April1806 set an annual25-rupee assessment per kheta of specified uncultivated land and demand mortgage amounts in rupees. The local rupee account is explicit; assignment to the later unified Nepalese identity remains qualified. qualified · Savala5,30 and closing date |
| Nepalese rupee | 1826 | A royal regulation names the mohar rupee and commands moneychangers to exchange copper coins at prescribed rates, enforceable in the Adalat. This strengthens the named-unit chronology but is exchange evidence rather than a new accounting or founding anchor. supported · Printed p14, clauses1–3 |
| Hyderabad Osmania / Hali sicca rupee | 1881–1890 | The1909 Gazetteer's TableIII reports decade-average commodity prices explicitly per Hyderabad rupee. Its retrospective survey provides local price-unit evidence for1881–1890, without fixing the unit's origin or proving every intervening accounting stage. supported · p84 TableIII; p36 survey caveat |
| Hyderabad Osmania / Hali sicca rupee | 1901 | The same table separately reports1901 grain prices in Hyderabad rupees and distinguishes that unit from British rupees in its note. supported · p84 TableIII and note |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion | 1879 | The Bulgarian decree of11July1879 denominated its national monetary tariff in French francs; this was a local public-account use before creation of the lev. supported · pp11–12 |
| Bulgarian lev | 1880 | The1880law introduced the lev as national account unit, and monetary documents of public bodies and private persons were required to express sums in leva and stotinki. supported · BNBbody¶2; Fantaccip10 |
| Albanian gold franc / frang | 1920 | Albania raised a1,500,000franc compulsory loan at5percent in1920; its bonds were accepted toward taxes and customs duties. This documents franc-denominated public obligations before national note issuance. supported · p22,VIII PublicFinances,Debts |
| Albanian gold franc / frang | 1921 | The government decision of25June1921 based collection of state revenues on the gold franc; the existing profile therefore predates1923municipal notes. supported · p119¶4,n9 |
| Albanian gold franc / frang | 1922 | Calmés describes goldfranc as existing de facto currency and recommends codification. The16February1922paper-lek law was not implemented, so it does not create an additional circulating/accounting identity here. supported · pp20–21,VI Currency |
| Congolese franc, pre-1967 | 1886 | An original study of recovered Free State budgets reports an1886projection of205,000francs from ivory sales, establishing government franc reckoning before the1887decree; the identity of that earlier franc relative to the later legally defined unit is not explicitly resolved. supported_inference · pp100–102; Archive HubertDroogmans1886 |
| Congolese franc, pre-1967 | 1887 | Article1of27July1887positively constitutes the Free State franc as its account unit divided into100centimes. This establishes the unit, not absence of earlier local reckoning or a Belgian-franc conversion. supported · printed118,art1 |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion | 1845 | French-administered Algerian fiscal assessments were expressed in francs by1845; the historical study also reproduces1846–49public receipts in francs from official colonial returns. supported · pp89–90,table5 |
| Algerian franc | 1878 | The Treasury account opened at Banque de l’Algérie in1878 held Algerian-franc balances and settled transfers paid in metropolitan French francs, providing positive account distinction by this date. supported · pp10–11,Le compte d’opération |
| Pound sterling | 833–839 | Abba's Kentish will specifies burial obligations in pence; Heregyth's endorsement specifies thirteen pounds of pennies and remits a fifteen-pound obligation. This supplies a ninth-century English monetary-account witness within the existing pound/penny profile. supported · S1482 Text(a) burial clauses and Text(b) final clause; Officer Unit of account opening |
| Pound sterling | 873–888 | Alfred's will distributes pound-denominated monetary bequests to children, household followers and religious beneficiaries, independently confirming late-ninth-century English pound accounting. supported · S1507 Second Part cash bequests; catalogue dating |
| United States dollar | 1792 | Federal statute requires dollar-denominated public accounts and court proceedings and defines its dollar with reference to the existing Spanish milled dollar. supported · Sections9,20 |
| Brazilian real (réis) | 1692 | The governor's July1692 fiscal report uses réis valuations while describing threatened tax collections and ecclesiastical and secular payrolls in the colonial monetary system. supported · Section3, paragraphs beginning Em4de julho de1692 through payments of public administration |
| Portuguese real | 1642 | The governor arriving in Brazil in1642 recorded his funds in réis, within the transplanted Portuguese monetary system. supported · Lima2005 p.178 note15; Lima2025 pp.11–12 |
| Spanish peseta | 1868 | The19 October decree legally establishes the peseta as principal monetary unit. supported · art1 |
| Spanish peseta | 1870 | Public offices must express operations in pesetas from1 July1870,including amounts originally documented in earlier units. supported · art3 |
| Italian lira | 1816 | New Piedmont lira adopted as decimal account unit,distinct from the restored old20-soldi Piedmont lira. supported · p317 |
| Italian lira | 1826 | Royal edict26 October1826 requires new lira accounting in mainland territories. supported · pp317–319 |
| Italian lira | 1861 | Piedmont lira is renamed Italian lira and extended territorially;retain one scoped continuity. supported · 1861 entry |
| Italian lira | 1862–1863 | Law788 art11 requires public accounts in Italian lire and extends mandatory denomination to private writings from1 January1863. supported · art11 |
| Austrian gulden — pre-1892 unit | 1816 | Convention florins denominate government-bond interest in the1 June1816 arrangements. supported · pp58–59 |
| Austrian gulden — pre-1892 unit | 1857–1858 | Austrian-standard florins supersede convention-standard scale at105:100;preserve as standard/scale epoch in this unit profile. supported · pp81–82 |
| Old Piedmont lira —20-soldi account unit | 1802 | The consular decree of5 July1802 sets the old Piedmont lira conversion into francs at1.1852;the account identity predates its1814restoration. supported · printed p318,first paragraph and footnote2 citing Martini,p786 |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity | 1919 | The 4 February 1919 decree makes Soviet settlement signs equal to existing state credit notes for Treasury and private payments and records both together on the People's Bank balance sheet. supported · Sections 2 and 4 |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity | 1921–1922 | The 1922 ruble scale equals 10,000 rubles in credit notes and settlement signs of all prior issues. Bank of Russia history explicitly includes tsar-era money in this conversion. supported · Decree 3 November 1921 sections 2,4; CBR 1922 entry |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity | 1922 | Effective 1 May 1922, the Finance Commissariat converts balance sheets and accounting to the 1922 ruble scale, expressly preserving existing prices, rates, tariffs and obligations through the rescaling and prescribing the interpretation of old contracts. supported · Resolution 6 April 1922 sections 1–7 |
| Russian ruble — Muscovite, Imperial, Soviet and Russian account continuity | 1843–1914 | Imperial state credit notes carry the inherited silver-ruble account; later gold redemption and its 1914 suspension alter convertibility. They do not by themselves establish a new account identity. supported · Bayura section 2.2; CBR 1861,1897,1914 entries |
| Relationship | Decision | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Dutch lion-dollar trade account unit → Turkish lira | keep qualified | The Dutch esedi convention contributed to domestically managed Ottoman kuruş accounting; retain it as an external contribution to an existing Ottoman identity, not its founding parent. |
| Calcutta sicca rupee → Indian rupee | upgrade | Sicca obligations passed into Company-rupee accounting: the1835 Act governs contractual discharge, and the court follows an actual converted rent through the change. The1838 tender endpoint does not erase statutory exceptions. |
| Spanish real / peso de a ocho → United States dollar | upgrade | The federal dollar formalized Spanish-dollar reckoning already used for public debts and requisitions, culminating in mandatory federal dollar accounts. This is an account-unit branch, not merely a borrowed coin standard. |
| Portuguese real → Brazilian real (réis) | upgrade | Brazilian réis accounting continued the transplanted Portuguese real system and differentiated through colonial monetary and liability arrangements. Seventeenth-century local devaluation and provincial reform document this regional branch. |
| Livre tournois → French franc — 1795 to euro conversion | upgrade | Livre-to-franc succession is supported with transitional treatment:1799 law preserves old obligations in livre value while providing their settlement under franc reckoning;contemporary courts enforce the distinction. |
| Patna Sanwat / Azeemabadee rupee account → Calcutta sicca rupee | New supported relationship | Parties converted the grant's existing rent into sicca after the1793 regulation and before the1802 settlement. This is a documented local obligation transition, not universal abolition. |
| French franc — 1795 to euro conversion → Bulgarian lev | New supported relationship | The lev succeeded French-franc reckoning in Bulgarian official accounts: the1879national tariff used French francs, while the1880law introduced the lev and required money documents in leva. Scope is Bulgarian public-account succession, not replacement of every foreign coin or obligation. |
| Portuguese libra — medieval account unit → Portuguese real | New supported relationship | Portuguese state accounting replaced the libra with the real under Duarte. The change was practical account substitution; no single formal replacement ordinance is known. |
| Spanish escudo —1864 account unit → Spanish peseta | New supported relationship | Existing escudo ordinary payment amounts are discharged in pesetas at0.4 escudo per peseta;public books convert in1870. Specie-specific contracts retain statutory adjustments. |
| Old Piedmont lira —20-soldi account unit → Italian lira | New supported relationship | Old Piedmont reckoning replaced by new lira;1826official equivalence1old=1.1875new. |
| Genoese commercial lira — lira fuori banco → Italian lira | New supported relationship | Genoese outside-bank account unit prohibited1826;1842contracts documented settlement in legal new lire at1Genoese=0.833new. |
Counts use the same inherited 154 endpoint codes. Strict paths exclude qualified and optional relationships. Qualified ancestry includes explicit inferences; optional mode also admits optional reference links. One successful path is sufficient, so these figures do not measure full historical completeness.
| At or before | Strict: revision 27 → 28 | Qualified ancestry: 27 → 28 | Including optional: 27 → 28 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 105 → 110 | 148 → 148 | 148 → 148 |
| 1800 | 54 → 75 | 128 → 128 | 128 → 128 |
| 1700 | 42 → 48 | 108 → 108 | 108 → 108 |
| 1500 | 30 → 35 | 76 → 89 | 77 → 89 |
| 1100 | 24 → 24 | 38 → 38 | 38 → 38 |
| 800 | 0 → 0 | 10 → 10 | 10 → 10 |
| 700 | 0 → 0 | 10 → 10 | 10 → 10 |
| 1 | 0 → 0 | 0 → 0 | 0 → 0 |
| 600 BCE | 0 → 0 | 0 → 0 | 0 → 0 |
Each date below is the conservative latest year of a witness range. The source belongs to the oldest account system on that path; it is not necessarily a local origin date for the modern endpoint.
These findings were not turned into unsupported edges or firm earlier dates. Disconnected roots are research gaps unless a positive origin finding establishes otherwise.
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