Evidence coverage: 1873–1948. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
The 1924 rescaling and monetary-standard reform do not alone create a new species. Source review establishes a continuing account unit; local issues and naming epochs remain profile evidence.
These stages belong to this profile, not separate branches.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
The Estonian mark founding standard referenced the Ostmark; this standard reference is retained as context and excluded from ancestry traversal.
C818, C1648Supporting material, not parents or children.
In the occupied Baltic/Lithuanian territory, contracts and prices used mark currency; German notes and Ost loan notes were alternative instruments of it.
Sources and qualifications →June24,1948 eastern monetary reform converted Reichsmark-system balances under differentiated statutory ratios. Account conversions and exceptions establish distinct territorial unit, beyond note stamping.
Sources and qualifications →Ost loan notes were instruments in the common German mark account unit. Statute forbids distinguishing instruments in payment contracts; preserve note history as profile evidence.
Sources and qualifications →The Estonian mark founding standard referenced the Ostmark; this standard reference is retained as context and excluded from ancestry traversal. Retain supported optional standard_reference, not ancestry; keep_qualified denotes unresolved proposed ancestry only. Do not downgrade existing parity fact.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
In the occupied Baltic/Lithuanian territory, contracts and prices used mark currency; German notes and Ost loan notes were alternative instruments of it.
C1527Reichsmark replaced the mark at one Reichsmark per trillion marks. Effective introduction; the legislation was dated August.
1000000000000 German mark — inconvertible / Papiermark stage per 1 ReichsmarkV0188 · Reichsmark replaced the mark at one Reichsmark per trillion marks. Effective introduction; the legislation was dated August.
C886Gold redemption ended; the mark continued on an inconvertible basis. An internal monetary-regime change, not a new currency born at par.
C882Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
Austria adopted the Reichsmark at 1.5 schillings per Reichsmark.
C847Prussian thalers entered the imperial mark at three marks per thaler. Conversion framework; not an instantaneous withdrawal of every coin.
C879South German florins entered at twelve marks per seven florins. Exact rational stated in prose; no rounded decimal valuation.
C880The mark became the common currency of the German Reich.
C881Gold redemption ended; the mark continued on an inconvertible basis. An internal monetary-regime change, not a new currency born at par.
C882Goldmark was a gold-value accounting unit, distinct from circulating marks. Date anchors divergence from gold parity, not the birth of this accounting convention.
C883The monetary legislation established the Reichsmark framework.
C885Reichsmark replaced the mark at one Reichsmark per trillion marks. Effective introduction; the legislation was dated August.
C886Rentenmark notes continued alongside Reichsmarks at equal unit value. Not immediate extinction of Rentenmark notes.
C887Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
Prussian thalers entered the imperial mark at three marks per thaler. Conversion framework; not an instantaneous withdrawal of every coin.
History of money section, paragraphs on 1873, 1914 and 1924
South German florins entered at twelve marks per seven florins. Exact rational stated in prose; no rounded decimal valuation.
History of money section, paragraphs on 1873, 1914 and 1924
The mark became the common currency of the German Reich.
History of money section, paragraphs on 1873, 1914 and 1924
Gold redemption ended; the mark continued on an inconvertible basis. An internal monetary-regime change, not a new currency born at par.
History of money section, paragraphs on 1873, 1914 and 1924
Goldmark was a gold-value accounting unit, distinct from circulating marks. Date anchors divergence from gold parity, not the birth of this accounting convention.
History of money section, paragraphs on 1873, 1914 and 1924
Rentenmark notes entered alongside marks; one Rentenmark equalled one trillion marks. Issue date differs from the 1 November date printed on notes; no exclusive replacement asserted.
Printed pp. 43, 107–110: Rentenbank notes; Reichsbank notes
PDF downloaded and relevant text inspected.
Legal authorization, issue dates and note withdrawal are distinct milestones.
Reichsmark replaced the mark at one Reichsmark per trillion marks. Effective introduction; the legislation was dated August.
Printed pp. 43, 107–110: Rentenbank notes; Reichsbank notes
PDF downloaded and relevant text inspected.
Legal authorization, issue dates and note withdrawal are distinct milestones.
Austria adopted the Reichsmark at 1.5 schillings per Reichsmark.
Common ground; breakdown of old order; new beginning; Anschluss; Reconstruction
Postwar Austrian schillings replaced Reichsmarks at 1:1 under restricted exchange rules. One of two incoming monetary instruments; no exclusive single parent assigned.
Printed pp. 16–17, schilling history and chronological table
1925 start differs from March coin/cash milestones in other issuer accounts; year-level integration avoids falsely choosing one event for all purposes.
Common ground; breakdown of old order; new beginning; Anschluss; Reconstruction
The monetary legislation established the Reichsmark framework.
Printed pp. 43, 107–110: Rentenbank notes; Reichsbank notes
PDF downloaded and relevant text inspected.
Legal authorization, issue dates and note withdrawal are distinct milestones.
Rentenmark notes continued alongside Reichsmarks at equal unit value. Not immediate extinction of Rentenmark notes.
Printed pp. 43, 107–110: Rentenbank notes; Reichsbank notes
PDF downloaded and relevant text inspected.
Legal authorization, issue dates and note withdrawal are distinct milestones.
Deutsche Mark displaced Reichsmark in western Germany under differentiated conversion rules. No universal 10:1 factor; ongoing payments and financial holdings received different treatment.
Printed pp. 19–21; especially footnotes 5–6 on p. 20
The extracted running text has a July/June error; use explicit effective date 21 June in the quoted Currency Act, independently matched by the timeline.
21 June 1948 and 1 July 1990 entries
The Soviet occupation zone began issuing its separate mark currency. Reichsmark-system territorial successor; individual occupation-note conversions are not fully catalogued.
Corrected interpretation: Revision 27 supplies a new evidence basis for R0328. Account conversions and exceptions establish distinct territorial unit, beyond note stamping. Replacement evidence: C1633.
Printed pp. 19–21; especially footnotes 5–6 on p. 20
The extracted running text has a July/June error; use explicit effective date 21 June in the quoted Currency Act, independently matched by the timeline.
Existing merchant transfer accounting shifted to Reichsmark; later institutional absorption must not be called founding.
Article opening and final paragraphs; transcription lines134–183, especially180–181.
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Article opening and final paragraphs; transcription lines 134–183, especially180–181.
LIMIT: Contemporary reportage rather than the conversion ordinance; scan not inspected.
Danzig gulden was absorbed into the existing German-mark system in September 1939 at 1 gulden = 0.70 Reichsmark.
p.947, currency reorganization of former Free City of Danzig; decrees 1 September 1939 (RGBl I 1567) and 7 September 1939 (RGBl I 1691)
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
In the occupied Baltic/Lithuanian territory, contracts and prices used mark currency; German notes and Ost loan notes were alternative instruments of it.
§§1–3
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
June24,1948 eastern monetary reform converted Reichsmark-system balances under differentiated statutory ratios.
Sections1,4–9; ZVOBlNr20 June28,1948 p217
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full transcription inspected: new currency June24; account balances converted under §7 with general10:1 and important exceptions.
Covered German-mark claims became payable in Danzig gulden under November20,1923law, with December31conversion rate750billionmarks per gulden.
GBl1923p1335; LeagueOJDecember1926p1618§1
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full short transcription inspected:markclaims payableingulden convert at750billionmarks pergulden under November20law.
GBl1923p1335; LeagueOJDecember1926p1618§1
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
In the former Prussian district German-mark obligations became nominally equal Polish-mark obligations under20 November1919 law, effective locally on promulgation or subsequent Polish control.
arts1–3,7
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Primary-law text inspected in authenticated Wikisource transcription.
The2 May1919 ordinance substituted Estonian marks for German/Ostmarks in the inherited monetary regulation and required mark-denominated claims to be discharged in Estonian marks.
ordinance §§3,6
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Substantive Estonian primary-law transcription inspected within research article. §3 contracts/goods offered only in Estonian marks and all claims denominated in marks fulfilled in same money. §6 amends occupation regulation by substituting Estonian marks for German and eastern marks.
DIGAR original issue landing page opened (https://dea.digar.ee/cgi-bin/dea?a=d&d=AKriigiteataja19190521.2.6); issue PDF403, so original scan was NOT inspected.
ordinance §§3,6
The museum simplifies Soviet reforms.
Record their existence, but do not infer a universal 1947 conversion rate or uninterrupted territorial use.
The Estonian mark was initially defined at parity with the ostmark. Initial standard, not proof of exclusive replacement of every circulating currency.
Estonian mark; first kroon; occupation; second kroon sections
The museum simplifies Soviet reforms.
Record their existence, but do not infer a universal 1947 conversion rate or uninterrupted territorial use.
Lithuania introduced litas and began exchanging ostmarks. A floating ostmark conversion is not assigned an invented single fixed ratio.
Printed pp. 81–83: Main dates in the history of national banking
Ost loan notes were instruments in the common German mark account unit. Statute forbids distinguishing instruments in payment contracts; preserve note history as profile evidence.
Verordnungsblatt für die baltischen Lande no35,11 October1918, pp367–368, §§1–5,11
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The Estonian mark founding standard referenced the Ostmark; this standard reference is retained as context and excluded from ancestry traversal.
Printed p9,PDF10; Estonian mark; first kroon; occupation; second kroon sections
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Printed p9,PDF10; Estonian mark; first kroon; occupation; second kroon sections
The museum simplifies Soviet reforms.
Record their existence, but do not infer a universal 1947 conversion rate or uninterrupted territorial use.