Evidence coverage: 1948–2002. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Supporting material, not parents or children.
Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
1 EUR = 1.95583 DEM. Germany: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C666, C667, C646Germany: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
C667German-mark legal tender ended on 31 December 2001; voluntary retail/banking acceptance continued through 28 February 2002.
C704German-mark legal tender ended on 31 December 2001; voluntary retail/banking acceptance continued through 28 February 2002.
C704Deutsche Mark displaced Reichsmark in western Germany under differentiated conversion rules. No universal 10:1 factor; ongoing payments and financial holdings received different treatment.
C888The western reform also invalidated Rentenmark notes.
C889Allied military marks also ceased validity in the western currency reform.
C890East Germany adopted Deutsche Mark; wages and savings followed different conversion rules. No blanket 1:1 or 2:1 valuation.
C894Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
1 EUR = 1.95583 DEM.
art.1, Germany currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Germany: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Germany row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
German-mark legal tender ended on 31 December 2001; voluntary retail/banking acceptance continued through 28 February 2002.
Adoption of the euro paragraph
Distinguishes legal tender from voluntary acceptance.
Original national legal instrument not inspected.
Deutsche Mark displaced Reichsmark in western Germany under differentiated conversion rules. No universal 10:1 factor; ongoing payments and financial holdings received different treatment.
Printed pp. 19–21; especially footnotes 5–6 on p. 20
The extracted running text has a July/June error; use explicit effective date 21 June in the quoted Currency Act, independently matched by the timeline.
21 June 1948 and 1 July 1990 entries
The western reform also invalidated Rentenmark notes.
Printed pp. 19–21; especially footnotes 5–6 on p. 20
The extracted running text has a July/June error; use explicit effective date 21 June in the quoted Currency Act, independently matched by the timeline.
Allied military marks also ceased validity in the western currency reform.
Printed pp. 19–21; especially footnotes 5–6 on p. 20
The extracted running text has a July/June error; use explicit effective date 21 June in the quoted Currency Act, independently matched by the timeline.
East Germany adopted Deutsche Mark; wages and savings followed different conversion rules. No blanket 1:1 or 2:1 valuation.
21 June 1948 and 1 July 1990 entries
The new Yugoslav dinar was initially equal in value to Deutsche Mark. A value anchor, not a Deutsche Mark conversion ancestry.
PDF p. 34, printed p. 33: Dinar denominations and parity tables
Contemporaneous official statistical compilation, citing National Bank of Yugoslavia.
January 24 and January 26 rates differ; no timeless 1994 ratio.
Macedonia adopted a stable exchange-rate strategy against Deutsche Mark. Policy anchor; the immediate parent remains the Yugoslav dinar.
Address of 26 April 2020; opening historical paragraph and October 1995 strategy
Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
arts.1, 1a, 2–3
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.