Evidence coverage: 1090–1436. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
AfonsoIII adopted French libra reckoning above existing soldo/dinheiro accounts; the Frankish node represents tradition, not an identified immediate parent.
C1945The law of11April1401 adjusts rent and debt obligations denominated in Portuguese libras.
Sources and qualifications →Coimbra’s municipal ordinance sets goods prices in denarii and penalties in solidi, with the king’s consent. This is legal Portuguese dinheiro/soldo accounting before the libra’s later introduction as a larger multiple.
Sources and qualifications →The price law values a load of wax at 90 Portuguese libras, an arroba at 7.5 libras, and an arrátel at 4 soldos 8 dinheiros. This directly attests the integrated account scales.
Sources and qualifications →Portucalense land contracts state soldo debts settled in dinheiros, including money of King AlfonsoVI. These are earlier regional account witnesses.
Sources and qualifications →Retain Portuguese libra-system→real account succession; dinheiro belongs within the former profile and need not become an intervening node. Earlier real coin issues were denominated in existing account scales; account succession and coin debut must remain distinct.
Sources and qualifications →AfonsoIII adopted French libra reckoning above existing soldo/dinheiro accounts; the Frankish node represents tradition, not an identified immediate parent.
Sources and qualifications →The libra added a 20-soldo multiple to existing 12-dinheiro soldo reckoning. Retain these as scales within one account profile.
Sources and qualifications →The regional denier–solidus–libra system has Carolingian ancestry. This compressed ancestry link leaves intervening stages and the immediate parent unresolved; it does not establish direct siblinghood.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
The law of11April1401 adjusts rent and debt obligations denominated in Portuguese libras.
C1743Coimbra’s municipal ordinance sets goods prices in denarii and penalties in solidi, with the king’s consent. This is legal Portuguese dinheiro/soldo accounting before the libra’s later introduction as a larger multiple.
C1929The price law values a load of wax at 90 Portuguese libras, an arroba at 7.5 libras, and an arrátel at 4 soldos 8 dinheiros. This directly attests the integrated account scales.
C1930Portucalense land contracts state soldo debts settled in dinheiros, including money of King AlfonsoVI. These are earlier regional account witnesses.
C1931Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
The law of11April1401 adjusts rent and debt obligations denominated in Portuguese libras.
O desmoronamento da libra, paragraph on1401 law and note38
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Portuguese state accounting replaced the libra with the real under Duarte. The change was practical account substitution; no single formal replacement ordinance is known.
A criação do real, opening paragraphs, notes49–51
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
General account replacement does not extinguish all old libra-denominated obligations;1473 adjustment evidence shows their persistence.
1473adjustment paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Coimbra’s municipal ordinance sets goods prices in denarii and penalties in solidi, with the king’s consent. This is legal Portuguese dinheiro/soldo accounting before the libra’s later introduction as a larger multiple.
Coimbra Document1p.26; Perespp.25–26
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Complete Document1 transcription excerpt inspected in university-hosted thesis appendix, including date, royal consent, iron-price schedule and five-soldo penalties.
Coimbra Document1p.26; Perespp.25–26
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
OCR contains errors; no use made of ambiguous later contract-year OCR 1004/1094.
Original researcher’s documentary interpretation, underlying 1090/1091 manuscripts not inspected.
The price law values a load of wax at 90 Portuguese libras, an arroba at 7.5 libras, and an arrátel at 4 soldos 8 dinheiros. This directly attests the integrated account scales.
Lopes§3.2p.123 quoting Legesp.192; Mint1253entry
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Lopes§3.2p.123 quoting Legesp.192; Mint1253entry
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Portucalense land contracts state soldo debts settled in dinheiros, including money of King AlfonsoVI. These are earlier regional account witnesses.
Printedp.24
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
OCR contains errors; no use made of ambiguous later contract-year OCR 1004/1094.
Original researcher’s documentary interpretation, underlying 1090/1091 manuscripts not inspected.
Retain Portuguese libra-system→real account succession; dinheiro belongs within the former profile and need not become an intervening node.
A criação do real, notes49–51
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
AfonsoIII adopted French libra reckoning above existing soldo/dinheiro accounts; the Frankish node represents tradition, not an identified immediate parent.
Peresp.26; Puntoniopening paragraphs andnotes6–7
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
OCR contains errors; no use made of ambiguous later contract-year OCR 1004/1094.
Original researcher’s documentary interpretation, underlying 1090/1091 manuscripts not inspected.
Peresp.26; Puntoniopening paragraphs andnotes6–7
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The libra added a 20-soldo multiple to existing 12-dinheiro soldo reckoning. Retain these as scales within one account profile.
Peresp.26; Puntoni opening historical framework
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
OCR contains errors; no use made of ambiguous later contract-year OCR 1004/1094.
Original researcher’s documentary interpretation, underlying 1090/1091 manuscripts not inspected.
Peresp.26; Puntoni opening historical framework
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The regional denier–solidus–libra system has Carolingian ancestry. This compressed ancestry link leaves intervening stages and the immediate parent unresolved; it does not establish direct siblinghood.
Printed pp. 6, 11–16; PDF pages 42, 47–52
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Publisher preview PDF, introductory account-system passages inspected; entire volume not inspected.
Publisher preview inspected, printed pp. 5 and 11–13.
Separate chapters on Valencia and Majorca are outside this preview; no immediate local parent or conversion decree is claimed.
The reviewed evidence does not settle Visigothic-to-Astur-Leonese or Galician account continuity, nor the immediate León-to-Portugal identity boundary. Retain these as unresolved questions, not evidence of unrelated origins.
pp. 61–63, 178–184, especially 179–180 and notes 40–43; pp. 168, 178–180, notes 24–31
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
pp. 61–63, 178–184, especially 179–180 and notes 40–43; pp. 168, 178–180, notes 24–31
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.