Evidence coverage: 1435–1911. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
The governor arriving in Brazil in1642 recorded his funds in réis, within the transplanted Portuguese monetary system.
Sources and qualifications →Brazilian réis accounting continued the transplanted Portuguese real system and differentiated through colonial monetary and liability arrangements. Seventeenth-century local devaluation and provincial reform document this regional branch. Explicit inherited accounting and local debt effects now supplement earlier issue/recoinage evidence. Promote from optional to primary ancestry; retain envelope as differentiation chronology rather than exact unit birth.
Sources and qualifications →Retain Portuguese libra-system→real account succession; dinheiro belongs within the former profile and need not become an intervening node. Earlier real coin issues were denominated in existing account scales; account succession and coin debut must remain distinct.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
The governor arriving in Brazil in1642 recorded his funds in réis, within the transplanted Portuguese monetary system.
C1779Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
Banco de Portugal traces the real replaced in 1911 to the reign of Duarte, by 1435. An institutional history of the unit, not an exact first-coin date.
C1010Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
Brazilian réis developed from Portuguese money, with imported coin circulation followed by provincial recoinage. A documented unit-family branch; intervening coin ratings and Spanish-coin inputs remain to be expanded.
Corrected interpretation: Revision 28 supplies a new evidence basis for R0419. Explicit inherited accounting and local debt effects now supplement earlier issue/recoinage evidence. Promote from optional to primary ancestry; retain envelope as differentiation chronology rather than exact unit birth. Replacement evidence: C1796.
Printed pages 6–10: imported Portuguese and Spanish coins, 1642 revaluation, 1694 provincial recoinage
Réis entry: Portuguese origin, colonial circulation authorization in 1568 and 1942 conversion
Banco de Portugal traces the real replaced in 1911 to the reign of Duarte, by 1435. An institutional history of the unit, not an exact first-coin date.
Page 5: real attributed to Duarte in 1435; 22 May 1911 escudo reform at 1000 réis
The 1435 attribution is used as an attestation by that year, not a claim that no earlier real coins existed.
Medieval coin and account-unit epochs remain expandable.
Relevant indexed passage inspected in revision 16; Page 5: real attributed to Duarte in 1435; 22 May 1911 escudo reform at 1000 réis
Portugal established the escudo at one thousand réis per escudo.
Page 5: real attributed to Duarte in 1435; 22 May 1911 escudo reform at 1000 réis
The 1435 attribution is used as an attestation by that year, not a claim that no earlier real coins existed.
Medieval coin and account-unit epochs remain expandable.
Relevant indexed passage inspected in revision 16; Page 5: real attributed to Duarte in 1435; 22 May 1911 escudo reform at 1000 réis
Cabo Verde’s real/escudo continuity is provisionally traced to regional differentiation from Portuguese-real accounting during 1853–1865. Local currency arrangements and issues support this qualified branch; the exact account-law boundary remains open.
Appendix 1, pp.30–33, especially p.30 and historical table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The governor arriving in Brazil in 1642 recorded his funds in réis, within the transplanted Portuguese monetary system.
Lima2005 p.178 note15; Lima2025 pp.11–12
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Not merely abstract.
Lima2005 p.178 note15; Lima2025 pp.11–12
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Brazilian réis accounting continued the transplanted Portuguese real system and differentiated through colonial monetary and liability arrangements. Seventeenth-century local devaluation and provincial reform document this regional branch.
Lima2005pp.171–177,187–188;Lima1688sections1.3,3,4.1;Lima2025conclusion
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Not merely abstract.
Lima2005pp.171–177,187–188;Lima1688sections1.3,3,4.1;Lima2025conclusion
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Lima2005pp.171–177,187–188;Lima1688sections1.3,3,4.1;Lima2025conclusion
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Portuguese state accounting replaced the libra with the real under Duarte. The change was practical account substitution; no single formal replacement ordinance is known.
A criação do real, opening paragraphs, notes49–51
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Retain Portuguese libra-system→real account succession; dinheiro belongs within the former profile and need not become an intervening node.
A criação do real, notes49–51
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.