Evidence coverage: 1204–1799. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
Supporting material, not parents or children.
Livre-to-franc succession is supported with transitional treatment:1799 law preserves old obligations in livre value while providing their settlement under franc reckoning;contemporary courts enforce the distinction. Actual obligation treatment strengthens naming reform. Broaden date to1795–1799 instead of asserting all accounting changed7 April1795.
Sources and qualifications →Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
Delage dates decimal subdivision of the monetary livre to 24 August 1793.
C221Philippe Auguste adopts the Saint-Martin type for western royal money after the Norman conquest. Parisis money coexisted. This does not establish a universal replacement in 1203.
C725Inference: Tournois is the Tours-derived variant of the livre–sou–denier system. No claim that metal content stayed fixed from the Carolingian period.
C727Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
Chicago dates the first assignat authorization to December 1789, linking livre-denominated claims to sales of state lands.
Historical Note, opening
Describes primary objects; notes themselves not inspected; legal chronology to verify
The law of 18 Germinal III names the monetary unit franc instead of livre and calls its hundredths centimes.
Printed p. 3, articles V and VII; title dated 18 Germinal III
Primary printed law: title and p. 3 visually inspected.
Archive metadata dates this printing to 1798; the law itself is dated 18 Germinal III.
Does not establish August coin specifications or a specie conversion ratio.
Delage dates decimal subdivision of the monetary livre to 24 August 1793.
The modern franc is born paragraph
Secondary quotation, not inspection of original law.
Later history and broad explanatory generalizations excluded; ending-date summary not adopted.
Bindseil dates the Caisse d’Escompte charter to 24 March 1776 and describes its livre-tournois banknotes.
Printed pp. 78–81
Author research and translated primary charters, not ECB institutional views.
Original French legal wording requires independent review; no later central-bank lineage added.
Monnaie de Paris dates Henri III’s silver franc to 1575, valued at one livre tournois.
PDF p. 4, 1575 entry
Exhibition overview contains simplifications and errors outside selected claims, including Joachimsthal 1486.
Not a universal chronology authority; gros dating checked against object catalogue.
Philippe Auguste adopts the Saint-Martin type for western royal money after the Norman conquest. Parisis money coexisted. This does not establish a universal replacement in 1203.
p.136
Older scholarly synthesis; adopt bounded royal-adoption and relative-value claims, not approximate metallic reconstructions.
Royal tournois adoption coexists with the parisis system. Parallel systems; this edge is neither descent nor a fixed-rate conversion.
p.136
Older scholarly synthesis; adopt bounded royal-adoption and relative-value claims, not approximate metallic reconstructions.
Tournois is the Tours-derived variant of the livre–sou–denier system. No claim that metal content stayed fixed from the Carolingian period.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
p.136; DOI 10.3406/ccmed.1970.1852
Older scholarly synthesis; adopt bounded royal-adoption and relative-value claims, not approximate metallic reconstructions.
The franc à cheval is authorized at one livre tournois. One account livre equals one franc coin at this tariff; the coin did not replace the accounting system.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Catalogue dates object and ordinance to 1360; specimen weight is not statutory mass.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Henri III’s silver franc is valued at one livre tournois.
PDF p.4, 1575 entry
Exhibition overview contains simplifications and errors outside selected claims, including Joachimsthal 1486.
Not a universal chronology authority; gros dating checked against object catalogue.
The law of 18 germinal III names the franc in place of the livre. Naming law; separate from silver specification and later conversion tariff.
Article V; decimal subdivisions, Article VII
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Franc handoff v2 reports: Transcription inspected; independent host, not original facsimile; reviewer reopened selected passages.
The tariff equates 1.0125 livres tournois with 1 franc. Preferred reported date: 25 germinal IV / 14 April 1796 (S16). S17 says 24 germinal. Day remains withheld pending the original act.
Corrected interpretation: Revision 28 supplies a new evidence basis for R0072. Actual obligation treatment strengthens naming reform. Broaden date to1795–1799 instead of asserting all accounting changed7 April1795. Replacement evidence: C1797.
Printed p.6 / PDF p.2
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
PDF p.15, footnote 7; 1796 date conflicts with S16
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Assignats are monetary instruments denominated in the monetary units of the period. Do not insert them as a separate universal parent currency between livre and franc.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Tournois can be treated as a qualified regional descendant of Frankish denier–livre reckoning.
Lafaurie pp. 134–136; Tournois entry; Rovelli pp. 81–82
Older scholarly synthesis; adopt bounded royal-adoption and relative-value claims, not approximate metallic reconstructions.
Lafaurie pp. 134–136; Tournois entry; Rovelli pp. 81–82
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Lafaurie pp. 134–136; Tournois entry; Rovelli pp. 81–82
Coinage continuity supports a qualified seventh-century extension, not a complete local account sequence.
Livre-to-franc succession is supported with transitional treatment:1799 law preserves old obligations in livre value while providing their settlement under franc reckoning;contemporary courts enforce the distinction.
p1,lawarts3–4
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.