RESEARCH REVISION 30 · 12 OCTOBER 2026
This focused pass tests the proposed Egyptian pound → piastre → Ottoman kuruş → sultani → akçe chain against obligations, laws and accounts. The evidence establishes connected histories, but not that single serial ancestry.
| Segment | Finding | Graph treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Egyptian medin/para → piastre → pound | Documentary scholarship supplies the account-scale bridge; the 1885 law defines the pound as 100 piastres. The 1524 medin account attestation is now supported within this local continuity. | One continuing Egyptian identity; no extra nodes for scales. |
| Ottoman kuruş → Egyptian piastre | Regional currencies exchanged with one another. No inspected evidence establishes the proposed universal replacement of Egyptian accounts by Istanbul’s unit. | No parent edge from an exchange rate or shared name. |
| Akçe → sultani → kuruş | Gold and silver accounting overlapped. Sultani-denominated debts and ledgers are directly documented in the Ottoman Levant. | A scoped sultani gold-account identity, without a fabricated serial parent. |
| Akçe / para / kuruş / lira in the core | Retained subdivisions and later statutory continuity support one scoped profile. The 1833 Serbian evidence identifies Ottoman kuruş accounting; 1844 reform and republican continuity are supported. The 1400 wages establish earlier akçe accounting, with the long identity association still qualified. | Scale history stays inside the Ottoman/Turkish profile. |
| Ottoman reckoning → Serbian groš → dinar | Separately regulated local accounting is documented in 1833, followed by mandatory account conversion under the 1878 law and implementation in 1879. | One regional groš identity with tax and market conventions; two supported relationships. |
Earlier observations are not currency founding dates. The 1400 wage terms belong to a supplement, not the original 1385 foundation deed. The sultani’s coin introduction does not date the beginning of its account use.
Download revision 30 · Ottoman scope and remaining boundaries · Before-and-after depth · Bibliography
Egyptian pound: Retain medin/para, piastre and pound within the existing Egyptian account identity. Cuno supplies the missing explicit documentary-account bridge from paras and 90-para riyals into piastre accounts; later pound reckoning retains the piastre as subdivision. S978 · S906 · S557 · S558
Egyptian pound: No separate Egyptian-piastre node is needed solely because the principal account scale moved from para/piastre reckoning to pounds. S978 · S558
Turkish lira: Retain the canonical Ottoman/Turkish profile. Its 1844-to-Republic core account association is supported; the 1431–1432 extension stays qualified. Akçe, para, kuruş and lira are historical account scales under the project rescaling policy; do not insert a sequential sultani predecessor. S637 · S979 · S557 · S555
Turkish lira: Explain the historical accounting scales separately from coin introductions. Gold accounting overlapped silver-based core accounts; neither all Ottoman provinces nor all gold obligations were the same scope. S557 · S907
These observations cover existing and newly admitted currency profiles. A legal date, a reconstructed document interval and a regional association retain their individual qualifications.
| Currency | Date | Finding and evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Egyptian pound | 1775–1800 | Egyptian documents used a fictive riyal of 90 paras for transactions and government accounts, expressly distinguishing it from circulating foreign coins. supported · · Appendix2 p.211, opening paragraphs |
| Egyptian pound | 1800–1850 | The Egyptian piastre represented 40 paras; government accounts increasingly used piastres toward mid-century. The purse represented 20,000 paras or 500 piastres. supported · · Appendix2 p.211 |
| Egyptian pound | 1885 | The 14 November 1885 decree expressly defines the Egyptian monetary unit as the pound, divided into 100 piastres, with 10 tenths per piastre. Earlier Egyptian silver remained receivable under its official tariff during withdrawal. supported · · Printed pp.385–386, arts1,17 |
| Turkish lira | 1525 | Istanbul’s official price list denominated bread and meat prices in akçe, while gold pieces had a separate akçe exchange value. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified. supported_inference · · p67 and note30 |
| Turkish lira | 1500–1600 | Sultani and ducat served large-sum accounting concurrently; akçe remained the basic unit for budgets, inventories and valuation of gold. supported · Context only; not a depth anchor · · pp66–71 |
| Turkish lira | 1690–1750 | Kuruş became the dominant core account scale gradually; retained subdivisions were 40 para or 120 akçe. Mid-century dominance is not a founding date. supported_inference · Context only; not a depth anchor · · Pamuk pp159–165; Kuruş paragraphs on new unit; courts sectionIII |
| Turkish lira | 1844 | Silver kuruş and gold lira were legal tender, convertible at 100:1. Kuruş continued in daily accounting after later standard changes. Pamuk explicitly states that the 100 kuruş/lira currency unit was retained in the Republic. supported · · Pamuk pp208,218; Kuruş1844andRepublic paragraphs |
| Turkish lira | 1916 | The coin-unification law standardized 100 silver kuruş per gold lira for all purposes and removed pre 1844 coinage. supported · · pp222–223 and note46 |
| Turkish lira | 1925 | Articles 1,3 and 5 authorize replacement of existing Ottoman paper with the same amount and legal character, require exchange by treasuries and banks, and carry forward compulsory acceptance. This establishes an instrument replacement within the continuing unit. supported · · Printed pp305,307–308; articles1,3,5 |
| Turkish lira | 1927 | The Republic’s first banknote issue implemented the replacement on 5 December 1927; this is not a new account-unit founding. supported · · CBRT FirstEmissionGroup;1925law articles1,3,5 |
| Ottoman Levantine sultani gold account | 1587 | Khudāwardī Bey’s Jerusalem endowment valued capital held as 8,000 Shami paras at 200 sultanis, with expected annual proceeds of 30 sultanis. supported · · Printed p. 197, n. 441; J-67-64-2, 10 Muharram 996 / 11 December 1587 |
| Ottoman Levantine sultani gold account | 1588 | Fāṭima’s Jerusalem account aggregates silver-para assets and maintenance expenses in gold sultanis; the remaining capital is lent for another year. supported · · Printed pp. 312–315, n. 654; J-Sij 67-176-1, 15 Jumada I 996; translated lines 6, 10–18 |
| Turkish lira | 1833 | Serbia introduced local tax and market groš conventions in 1833, initially related 2:1 and divided into 40 and 20 tax para respectively. They belong in one local account profile under the no-scale-only-node policy. supported · Context only; not a depth anchor · · pp92,94–95,§1.2; note11 cites Petrović1901p530 |
| Serbian and Kingdom Yugoslav dinar — account continuity | 1878–1879 | The 10 December 1878 law converted tax groš to 42.1 dinar para and market groš to 19.8 para, requiring state and private books in the new system; implementation occurred in 1879. supported · Law1878-12-10; implementation1879; source calendar not independently verified · pp101–102,§3.1–3.2; note28 cites Zbornik zakona1879p8 |
| Turkish lira | 1400 | The 1400 supplement to Murad I’s Bursa Kaplıca foundation deed assigns daily stipends expressed by its scholarly editor in akçe:12 to the teacher,1 per student and 2 to the elementary-school teacher. These are specified obligations, not merely circulating coins. The edition distinguishes this supplement from the 1385 deed. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified. supported_inference · · p222, paragraph beginning Vakfiyeye evâhir-i ramazan802; dated25May1400 by editor |
| Turkish lira | 1430 | Murad II’s Bursa foundation deed dated 14 July 1430 specifies monetary salaries, called dirhem in its Arabic copy and akçe in its later Ottoman translation. The comparative edition supports a local akçe obligation anchor; original is not extant to the researcher and one stipend translation is erroneous. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified. supported_inference · · pp583–586 provenance; p602 salary-unit comparison; p598n70 translation discrepancy; p612 transcription |
| Egyptian pound | 1524 | Egypt’s medin was restored as the local unit of account in 1524. The documented para–piastre–pound account sequence supports its inclusion in the continuing Egyptian profile. supported · · Schiffman section 2, p. 6; Cuno Appendix 2, p. 211; 1885 decree article 1. This is a scholarly account attestation, not a first-coin or founding date. |
| Ottoman Levantine sultani gold account | 1583 | A Damascus attestation dated 26 October 1583 denominates a one-year debt in 412½ sultanis. supported · · Printed pp. 195–196, n. 439; Damascus court record D-1-38-2 |
| Serbian groš accounting — tax and market conventions | 1833 | Serbia introduced local tax and market groš conventions in 1833, initially related 2:1 and divided into 40 and 20 tax para respectively. They belong in one local account profile under the no-scale-only-node policy. supported · · pp92,94–95,§1.2; note11 cites Petrović1901p530 |
| Relationship | Decision | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Dutch lion-dollar trade account unit → Turkish lira | keep qualified | Retain Dutch esedi influence as a later contribution to an existing Ottoman system, not its founding parent. |
| Turkish lira → Serbian groš accounting — tax and market conventions | New supported relationship | Serbian local groš accounting differentiated from Ottoman reckoning in 1833 under separately regulated fiscal and commercial valuations. Its tax and market conventions remain scales within one regional identity. |
| Serbian groš accounting — tax and market conventions → Serbian and Kingdom Yugoslav dinar — account continuity | New supported relationship | The 1878 law converted Serbian tax and market groš accounts into dinars and required state and private books to adopt the new unit; implementation followed in 1879. The two conventions received distinct prescribed valuations. |
Counts use the same inherited 154 endpoint codes. Strict paths exclude qualified and optional relationships. Qualified ancestry includes explicit inferences; optional mode also admits optional reference links. One successful path is sufficient, so these figures do not measure full historical completeness.
| At or before | Strict: revision 29 → 30 | Qualified ancestry: 29 → 30 | Including optional: 29 → 30 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 110 → 112 | 148 → 148 | 148 → 148 |
| 1800 | 75 → 75 | 128 → 131 | 128 → 131 |
| 1700 | 48 → 54 | 108 → 111 | 108 → 111 |
| 1500 | 35 → 35 | 89 → 92 | 89 → 92 |
| 1100 | 24 → 24 | 38 → 38 | 38 → 38 |
| 800 | 0 → 0 | 38 → 38 | 38 → 38 |
| 700 | 0 → 0 | 10 → 10 | 10 → 10 |
| 1 | 0 → 0 | 0 → 0 | 0 → 0 |
| 600 BCE | 0 → 0 | 0 → 0 | 0 → 0 |
Each date below is the conservative latest year of a witness range. The source belongs to the oldest account system on that path; it is not necessarily a local origin date for the modern endpoint.
| Endpoint | Strict path before → after | Including optional before → after | Strict witness now |
|---|---|---|---|
| AED | 1775 → 1775 | 1432 → 1400 | Patna Sanwat / Azeemabadee rupee account S910 |
| BAM | 1990 → 1990 | 1816 → 1400 | Postwar Yugoslav dinar — before successor separations S443 |
| EGP | 1798 → 1524 | 1524 → 1524 | Egyptian pound S906 · S978 · S558 |
| ILS | 1798 → 1524 | 1524 → 1524 | Egyptian pound S906 · S978 · S558 |
| JOD | 1798 → 1524 | 1524 → 1524 | Egyptian pound S906 · S978 · S558 |
| LBP | 1798 → 1524 | 1524 → 1524 | Egyptian pound S906 · S978 · S558 |
| LYD | 1798 → 1524 | 1524 → 1524 | Egyptian pound S906 · S978 · S558 |
| MKD | 1990 → 1990 | 1816 → 1400 | Postwar Yugoslav dinar — before successor separations S443 |
| QAR | 1775 → 1775 | 1432 → 1400 | Patna Sanwat / Azeemabadee rupee account S910 |
| RSD | 1990 → 1990 | 1816 → 1400 | Postwar Yugoslav dinar — before successor separations S443 |
| SAR | 1928 → 1833 | 1432 → 1400 | Turkish lira S983 |
| SYP | 1798 → 1524 | 1524 → 1524 | Egyptian pound S906 · S978 · S558 |
| TRY | 2005 → 1833 | 1432 → 1400 | Turkish lira S983 |
These findings were not turned into unsupported edges or firm earlier dates. Disconnected roots are research gaps unless a positive origin finding establishes otherwise.
Complete root inventory and dispositions · Bibliography with inspection limits
This closes the focused adjudication of the proposed chain. It does not certify every Ottoman province or all pre-Ottoman origins as complete.
| Front | Status and remaining work |
|---|---|
| Serbia | actionable One scoped Serbian groš profile, containing two accounting conventions, and two relations proposed; preserves FTM 000374 as continuing Ottoman identity. |
| Syria/Lebanon | existing supported edges checked Current graph already includes Egyptian-account→common Syrian-Lebanese unit→Lebanese separation. Direct Ottoman-to-Syrian shortcut would omit an evidenced intermediate. |
| Palestine | existing supported edge checked Existing Egyptian-pound→Palestine-pound edge has 1927 contract conversion scope. |
| Cyprus | existing supported edge checked earlier front open Sterling→Cypriot local account branch already exists. Earlier Ottoman-to-sterling local obligations not independently resolved in this bounded pass. |
| Tunis | existing supported edge checked earlier front open Piastre→franc 1891 conversion already exists. Earlier Ottoman/regional piastre boundary remains a separate research front. |
| Algeria | prior front still open Revision 28 identified earlier French fiscal reckoning and later Algerian account distinction; no newly proven Ottoman-to-French debt-conversion bridge here. |
| Greece | existing supported edge checked earlier front open Phoenix→drachma already supported; prephoenix Ottoman local accounting remains unreviewed here. |
| Egyptian para/medin, piastre and pound | account-continuity reviewed Documentary-account scholarship connects the scales within one local identity. The earlier 1524 witness is separately reviewed; reconstructed seventeenth-century dates remain qualified. |
| Ottoman kuruş/lira and the Republic | 1833 onward supported; earlier grouping qualified The 1833 regional source identifies Ottoman kuruş accounting. A retained account structure and statutory replacement of Ottoman paper support continuity through the Republic. Earlier akçe observations remain visible with their individual association limits. |
| Sultani intermediate | proposed serial ancestry rejected Gold-denominated debts establish an independent scoped account, concurrent with other Ottoman accounts. They do not establish universal akçe-to-sultani-to-kuruş succession. |
| Overall completion | focused pass completed; regional and early boundaries remain open The proposed Egyptian/Ottoman chain is adjudicated. The atlas does not claim a complete census of every Ottoman province, contractual currency or pre-Ottoman predecessor. |