Berlin gives 1519 for Joachimsthal Guldengroschen; the CNB brochure gives 1520 and links Joachimsthaler, thaler and American dollar names.

The 1792 Act defines the dollar by the current Spanish milled dollar and specifies 371¼ grains fine silver, 416 grains gross.

The 1792 Act sets the relative value of pure silver to pure gold at fifteen to one and establishes decimal public accounting.

The U.S. Mint dates the first U.S. silver-dollar coinage to 1794.

The 1834 Act reduces the gold eagle to 232 grains fine gold; the 1837 Act specifies 258 grains at .900 fineness.

The 1837 Act gives the silver dollar a gross weight of 412½ grains at .900 fineness, retaining 371¼ fine grains.

The 1857 Act ends the legal-tender status of foreign gold and silver coins under prior acts.

The 1862 Legal Tender Act authorizes U.S. notes, with exceptions including import duties and interest on public debt.

The 1863–1864 National Banking Acts establish national bank charters and bond-backed notes; a later tax discourages state-bank notes.

The 1873 Act specifies a 420-grain trade dollar at .900 fineness and initially limits its legal-tender use to five dollars per payment.

The 1878 Act restores coinage of the 412½-grain standard silver dollar and authorizes certificates against deposited coins.

The 1900 Act defines the gold dollar as 25.8 grains at .900 fineness.

Federal Reserve History dates Federal Reserve notes to 1914 and describes their coexistence with other dollar-note families.

Federal Reserve History distinguishes the 1933 suspension of gold arrangements from the 1934 restructuring and revaluation.

The Bretton Woods account distinguishes the $35 official gold link, its 1971 suspension for foreign official holders, and generalized floating in 1973.

BSP dates the U.S.-approved Philippine coinage reform to 1903 with two Philippine pesos per U.S. dollar.

ECCB records EC$4.80 per pound before the July 1976 switch to EC$2.70 per U.S. dollar.

Barbados fixed two local dollars per U.S. dollar on 5 July 1975.

BMA dates the Bermudian dollar’s U.S.-dollar parity to 31 July 1972.

The CBL working paper describes nineteenth-century local/U.S. coin coexistence, a 1913–1942 West African pound phase, and official USD adoption in 1943.

The IMF describes Zimbabwe’s local-currency collapse in late 2008 and official multicurrency arrangements in early 2009, including a rand reference.

BC records Ecuador’s January 2000 dollarization announcement at 25,000 sucres per USD and the March legal reform.

Bundesbank dates U.S.-dollar legal tender in El Salvador to 1 January 2001.

Bundesbank lists USD legal tender alongside Panama’s balboa context.

Section 3 makes qualifying post-1-July-1834 US eagles weighing ten pennyweights eighteen grains tender for ten dollars, with proportional multiples and divisions.

Early CFP dollar parity. Exchange anchor, not US-dollar ancestry.

Initial Djibouti dollar anchor. This exchange anchor is not a predecessor-currency conversion.

The new quetzal was defined as equal to one US dollar at its creation. Founding unit definition, not inference from a later exchange-rate peg.

National Dominican peso notes replaced circulating US dollars in the 1947 monetary reform. Earlier Dominican and foreign-currency inputs remain additional historical branches.

The new Panamanian gold peso, named balboa, used the contemporary US dollar weight and fineness at parity. A founding unit-standard relationship. The Colombian circulation it displaced remains a separate input.

The 1903 Philippine reform defined a gold peso and made US gold dollars tender at two pesos per dollar. The date is enactment; commencement depended on the stipulated coin supply. Spanish and Mexican predecessors are additional inputs, not erased by the new standard.

The first córdoba was established at the value of one US dollar.

Liberia’s 1935 dollar definition matched the US dollar gold content; later law provided parity and interchangeability. This is an optional founding-standard reference, not demonstrated account-unit succession.

The federal dollar formalized a Spanish-dollar unit already used for public debt, requisitions and value reckoning, rather than borrowing only a coin weight. The regional account-unit association is qualified; provincial pound conversions remain unresolved.

Corrected interpretation: Revision 28 supplies a new evidence basis for R0035. Combined contemporary account usage and enacted federal denomination remove the earlier coin-standard-only concern. Provincial pounds are additional local inputs requiring individual conversion histories, not a reason to qualify this specific Spanish-dollar branch. Replacement evidence: C1795.

Jefferson recorded the dollar’s established use in US public debts and requisitions before the federal mint statute.

The 1839 Commonwealth constitution adopted United States monetary standards; local dollar obligations and currency redemption are documented by 1843. This supports an earlier optional founding-unit reference, while a distinct USD-to-Liberian account transition remains unestablished.

United States dollar local Zimbabwe obligations and USD RTGS balances converted to RTGS dollar. Scope expressly excludes protected foreign-currency accounts and foreign loans/obligations. Treat as local account succession, not ancestry of all USD contracts everywhere.

The1839adoption of US monetary standards, together with local dollar-denominated public obligations and redemption recorded by1843, supports a qualified regional USD-to-Liberian-dollar branch. Neither exclusive parentage nor universal redemption is asserted.

Ecuador implemented replacement of sucres by US dollars at 25,000 sucres per dollar during 2000. This local adoption and conversion joins the existing USD; it does not make the sucre a founding parent of USD.

Law1528 expressly transforms existing USD obligations andbankdeposits intoDominicanpesos inphase2 beginning1February1948, while preserving1937subsidiarycoins.

QuetzalUSDfoundingrelation isgoldstandardparity; actuallocalpredecessor wasGuatemalanpeso, exchanged60:1.

Law84of28June1904 establishesbalboa; USDgoldlegal equivalence issharedstandard/legal tender, not evidenceofUSDaccountunit succession.

USDparity doesnotestablish córdobaancestry; primary1913law converts localpeso contracts,statutes,feesandfines to córdobas.

The 1903 Philippine reform defined a gold peso and made US gold dollars tender at two pesos per dollar. The date is enactment; commencement depended on the stipulated coin supply. Spanish and Mexican predecessors are additional inputs, not erased by the new standard.

Confederate public obligations initially continued the U.S.dollar framework:1861statutes retained existing salary, fee and official-bond amounts. By1864, local contracts used a distinct Confederate dollar denomination recognized in Thorington. Taken together this supports a regional U.S.dollar branch, without identifying a single universal separation day.

Federal statute requires dollar-denominated public accounts and court proceedings and defines its dollar with reference to the existing Spanish milled dollar.

The federal dollar formalized Spanish-dollar reckoning already used for public debts and requisitions, culminating in mandatory federal dollar accounts. This is an account-unit branch, not merely a borrowed coin standard.

Guatemala deliberately defined the quetzal equal to one US dollar and chose sixty pesos per quetzal using prior dollar exchange values.

Hong Kong fixed its dollar to USD in July 1972, changed the parity in February 1973, and ended the commitment when it floated in November 1974.

Hong Kong restored a USD link through its currency-board system in 1983; the inspected later description specifies a 7.75–7.85 exchange band.

The East Caribbean dollar switched its anchor to USD on 7 July 1976; the ECCB confirmed the unchanged parity in 2021.

Bermuda fixed its dollar at USD parity on 31 July 1972 under amended authority to define its external value beyond sterling.