Connecting earlier European accounts
Five connections added; two existing histories extended. The map now draws all 360 admitted relationships among 401 currencies.
Belgian law supplies an explicit predecessor conversion. Genoese accounting connects to the Carolingian tradition through qualified Italian intermediates, and to its later bank and fiscal branches. The Spanish real receives a qualified local account branch rather than an unsupported French parent.
Dutch guilder (euro predecessor) → Belgian franc
Documented
The Belgian monetary law of 5 June 1832 replaced Netherlands-florin reckoning in Belgian public accounts and inherited obligations. Articles 25–26 prescribed 47¼ Netherlands cents per Belgian franc for earlier florin contracts, orders and mandates, and required francs and centimes in public and administrative acts from 1 January 1833. This was a territorial account substitution, not the extinction of the Dutch guilder elsewhere or an immediate recall of all older coins.
Frankish denier–livre reckoning → Genoese lira — commercial and fuori-banco account
Qualified inference
Felloni traces the Carolingian pound–shilling–denier system through regional Pavia money to Genoa’s local reckoning. The Genoese mint contract of 1141 specifies lire, and his account follows the Genoese lira through later changes. This supports qualified inherited account ancestry through Italian intermediates, not direct Frankish-to-Genoese debt conversion or parity. The 1138–1141 interval covers mint authorization and account documentation; it is not an exact separation date.
Giuseppe Felloni — Alle origini della moneta genovese [The origins of Genoese money] (1997)
Genoese lira — commercial and fuori-banco account → Genoese lira di banco
Qualified inference
Genoese banco ledgers opened in 1675 using the commercial lira’s legal valuation. On 1 July 1741 the outside-bank legal tariff changed while banco retained the older valuations. This supports an institutional branch from the commercial account tradition. The direction is a historical inference from the older commercial unit; shared initial valuation was not a permanent peg, and the interval does not date a single founding act.
Genoese lira — commercial and fuori-banco account → Genoese lira di permesso
Documented
The Genoese permesso account of 1751 was derived from outside-bank commercial money at 115 market-valued lire to 100 lire di permesso, using valuations published on 28 April. It served specified fiscal and debt-service purposes. The basis was the market or abusiva valuation of commercial money, not the separate statutory tariff of 1741 or the banco lira.
Castilian maravedí / real de vellón accounting → Spanish real / peso de a ocho
Qualified inference
The Spanish silver real and peso account tradition is treated as a qualified branch within Castilian maravedí reckoning. The 1497 reform rated the real at 34 maravedís while maravedí accounts continued; scholarship describes real accounting within that common sixteenth-century system and subsequent divergence between silver and vellón values from 1603. This is an inference of local account differentiation from the combined evidence, not a claim that a coin tariff alone creates ancestry or that the real replaced and abolished the maravedí in 1497. The interval is a development window, not a known founding reform.
José I. García de Paso — La política monetaria castellana de los siglos XVI y XVII (2001)
Bernardo Hernández — Monedas y medidas (1 de 2), appendix to Don Quijote de la Mancha (undated)
Switzerland: continuity and convergence
The Bernese–Helvetic old franc is one continuing account history. A 1767 commercial-account witness extends it backward; the 1799 national reform retained the Bernese unit while changing its subdivisions. Its earlier origin remains uncertain.
The federal Swiss franc begins in 1850. Its three existing predecessor connections remain: Zurich gulden, eastern Swiss Reichsgulden and the old Swiss franc. Their 1851–1852 rates concern specified Zurich contracts, not every coin or canton.
Oechsli, Die helvetische Republik (1899), pp. 142–143 · Schüepp, Das Zählen der Münz, pp. 2–5, 49–50 · Zurich conversion law, 28 January 1851
What remains open
- Earlier ancestry of Bernese franc, Zurich gulden and eastern Swiss Reichsgulden remains unresolved; matching names and equivalent values are insufficient.
- The Spanish real’s French gros coin model does not establish French account-unit adoption or an enforced continuing parity.
- The immediate medieval Italian/Pavian parent of Genoese reckoning and its conversion remain open.
- French standards for Belgian and Swiss francs remain distinct from replacement of local account units. Swiss conversion ratios apply to specified Zurich contracts, not every old coin or canton.
Quieter connections
Every parent remains connected directly to its child. Long vertical stretches are thin and faint by default; hover or keyboard focus emphasizes the complete selected lineage, and Emphasize connections restores every connector to full strength. This treatment indicates layout, not evidence certainty: solid and dashed strokes retain their meanings.
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