Evidence coverage: 1999–2026. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
No distinct successor currency is established in the loaded view.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
XOF acquired an explicit euro anchor from 1 January 1999 under the continuing monetary cooperation arrangements.
1 January 1999 · euro anchor introduced
655.957 XOF per EUR.
Continuing monetary cooperation arrangements with an explicitly published euro parity.
The two CFA units remain distinct. The earlier French-franc anchor is retained in evidence and awaits a separately dated operational record. Ending and current operation are not assessed here.
No ending established here; this is not a claim of current operation. Excluded from ancestry, sibling relationships and depth.
Evidence and relationship details Register entry →XAF acquired an explicit euro anchor from 1 January 1999 under the continuing monetary cooperation arrangements.
1 January 1999 · euro anchor introduced
655.957 XAF per EUR.
Continuing monetary cooperation arrangements with an explicitly published euro parity.
The two CFA units remain distinct. The earlier French-franc anchor is retained in evidence and awaits a separately dated operational record. Ending and current operation are not assessed here.
No ending established here; this is not a claim of current operation. Excluded from ancestry, sibling relationships and depth.
Evidence and relationship details Register entry →KMF acquired an explicit euro anchor from 1 January 1999 under the continuing monetary cooperation arrangements.
1 January 1999 · euro anchor introduced
491.968 KMF per EUR.
Continuing monetary cooperation arrangements with an explicitly published euro parity.
The two CFA units remain distinct. The earlier French-franc anchor is retained in evidence and awaits a separately dated operational record. Ending and current operation are not assessed here.
No ending established here; this is not a claim of current operation. Excluded from ancestry, sibling relationships and depth.
Evidence and relationship details Register entry →Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
1 EUR = 13.7603 ATS. Austria: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C662, C663, C6461 EUR = 40.3399 BEF. Belgium: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C664, C665, C6461 EUR = 1.95583 DEM. Germany: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C666, C667, C6461 EUR = 166.386 ESP. Spain: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C668, C669, C6461 EUR = 5.94573 FIM. Finland: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C670, C671, C6461 EUR = 6.55957 FRF. France: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C672, C673, C6461 EUR = 0.787564 IEP. Ireland: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C674, C675, C6461 EUR = 1936.27 ITL. Italy: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C676, C677, C6461 EUR = 40.3399 LUF. Luxembourg: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C678, C679, C6461 EUR = 2.20371 NLG. Netherlands: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C680, C681, C6461 EUR = 200.482 PTE. Portugal: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C682, C683, C6461 EUR = 340.750 GRD. Greece: euro adoption 2001-01-01; cash 2002-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C684, C685, C6461 EUR = 239.640 SIT. Slovenia: euro adoption 2007-01-01; cash 2007-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C686, C687, C6461 EUR = 0.585274 CYP. Cyprus: euro adoption 2008-01-01; cash 2008-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C688, C689, C6461 EUR = 0.429300 MTL. Malta: euro adoption 2008-01-01; cash 2008-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C690, C691, C6461 EUR = 30.1260 SKK. Slovakia: euro adoption 2009-01-01; cash 2009-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C692, C693, C6461 EUR = 15.6466 EEK. Estonia: euro adoption 2011-01-01; cash 2011-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C694, C695, C6461 EUR = 0.702804 LVL. Latvia: euro adoption 2014-01-01; cash 2014-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C696, C697, C6461 EUR = 3.45280 LTL. Lithuania: euro adoption 2015-01-01; cash 2015-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C698, C699, C6461 EUR = 7.53450 HRK. Croatia: euro adoption 2023-01-01; cash 2023-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C700, C701, C6461 EUR = 1.95583 BGN. Bulgaria: euro adoption 2026-01-01; cash 2026-01-01. Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
C702, C703, C646Euro banknotes and coins entered use on 1 January 2002, following the currency’s 1 January 1999 launch.
C657Inference: ECB reports area-wide completion of the first cash changeover by 1 March 2002; this is not a common last-tender date for every predecessor.
C658ECB’s 1 January 2026 announcement confirms Bulgarian euro cash circulation and the twenty-first euro-area membership.
C661The euro succeeds the French franc at the irrevocable conversion rate. Book-money adoption; cash followed in 2002.
C738Euro notes and coins enter circulation in France.
C739Western CFA euro anchor.
C754Central CFA euro anchor. Equal parity does not merge XAF with XOF.
C755CFP euro anchor. Keep this exact orientation; a rounded reciprocal is not the legal definition.
C756Comorian euro anchor. Use published legal parity; do not replace it with an unrounded arithmetic product.
C775Belgian euro conversion.
C790Luxembourg euro conversion.
C791Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
Defined ECU references in legal instruments become euro references at 1:1 from 1 January 1999; an undefined ECU reference carries a rebuttable presumption.
art.2(1), (3)
ECU definition/presumption and contractual exceptions matter; arithmetic uses the published national-units-per-euro rate, not a rounded inverse.
Euro introduction alone neither discharges obligations nor permits unilateral alteration or termination; parties’ agreements remain relevant.
art.3
ECU definition/presumption and contractual exceptions matter; arithmetic uses the published national-units-per-euro rate, not a rounded inverse.
Use the full six-significant-figure national-units-per-euro rate without truncation; derived inverse rates are prohibited for operational conversion.
art.4(1)–(3)
ECU definition/presumption and contractual exceptions matter; arithmetic uses the published national-units-per-euro rate, not a rounded inverse.
National-unit cross-conversions pass through euro, allowing an intermediate amount rounded to at least three decimals; final payment rounding follows article 5.
arts.4(4) and 5
ECU definition/presumption and contractual exceptions matter; arithmetic uses the published national-units-per-euro rate, not a rounded inverse.
Regulation 974/98 substitutes the euro for each participating state’s currency on its adoption date; cash changeover is separately defined.
arts.1, 1a, 2–3
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
During transition the national units remain subdivisions of the euro; existing instrument denominations and specified payment choices are preserved.
arts.5–8
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
National cash can retain territorial legal tender after adoption; article 15 allows national shortening of its maximum post-cash-changeover period.
arts.9 and 15; consolidation, amendments not backdated
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
Article 16 continues issuer exchange under national laws or practices; tender loss is therefore distinct from the last possible redemption.
art.16
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
ECB distinguishes agreed euro use in Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City from use without a formal arrangement in Montenegro and Kosovo.
opening Our money paragraphs
Territorial use and monetary agreements are distinct from euro-area membership.
This page does not establish every territory’s historic conversion.
Euro banknotes and coins entered use on 1 January 2002, following the currency’s 1 January 1999 launch.
opening Our money paragraph
Territorial use and monetary agreements are distinct from euro-area membership.
This page does not establish every territory’s historic conversion.
ECB reports area-wide completion of the first cash changeover by 1 March 2002; this is not a common last-tender date for every predecessor.
opening release, read as area-wide bound
Area-wide completion bound, not proof all twelve national currencies retained legal tender to the same day.
Its redemption table is a 2002 policy snapshot.
ECB’s 2026 table separates note/coin redemption: France 17 February 2012/2005, Croatia unlimited/31 December 2025; national eligibility rules still apply.
Time limits rows France and Croatia; inspection 11 October 2026
Summary only; series eligibility, exceptions and litigation require national issuer rules.
Historical tender loss is not a redemption deadline.
The ECB table gives Dutch banknote exchange until 1 January 2032 but excludes guilders obtained from commercial activity after 27 January 2002.
Netherlands row and footnote; inspection 11 October 2026
Summary only; series eligibility, exceptions and litigation require national issuer rules.
Historical tender loss is not a redemption deadline.
ECB’s 1 January 2026 announcement confirms Bulgarian euro cash circulation and the twenty-first euro-area membership.
opening release
Confirms implemented accession/cash launch, not every lev withdrawal or redemption rule.
1 EUR = 13.7603 ATS.
art.1, Austria currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Austria: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Austria row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 40.3399 BEF.
art.1, Belgium currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Belgium: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Belgium row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 1.95583 DEM.
art.1, Germany currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Germany: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Germany row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 166.386 ESP.
art.1, Spain currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Spain: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Spain row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 5.94573 FIM.
art.1, Finland currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Finland: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Finland row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 6.55957 FRF.
art.1, France currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
France: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, France row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 0.787564 IEP.
art.1, Ireland currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Ireland: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Ireland row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 1936.27 ITL.
art.1, Italy currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Italy: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Italy row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 40.3399 LUF.
art.1, Luxembourg currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Luxembourg: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Luxembourg row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 2.20371 NLG.
art.1, Netherlands currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Netherlands: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Netherlands row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 200.482 PTE.
art.1, Portugal currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Portugal: euro adoption 1999-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Portugal row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 340.750 GRD.
art.1, Greece currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Greece: euro adoption 2001-01-01; cash 2002-01-01.
Annex, Greece row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 239.640 SIT.
art.1, Slovenia currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Slovenia: euro adoption 2007-01-01; cash 2007-01-01.
Annex, Slovenia row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 0.585274 CYP.
art.1, Cyprus currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Cyprus: euro adoption 2008-01-01; cash 2008-01-01.
Annex, Cyprus row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 0.429300 MTL.
art.1, Malta currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Malta: euro adoption 2008-01-01; cash 2008-01-01.
Annex, Malta row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 30.1260 SKK.
art.1, Slovakia currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Slovakia: euro adoption 2009-01-01; cash 2009-01-01.
Annex, Slovakia row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 15.6466 EEK.
art.1, Estonia currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Estonia: euro adoption 2011-01-01; cash 2011-01-01.
Annex, Estonia row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 0.702804 LVL.
art.1, Latvia currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Latvia: euro adoption 2014-01-01; cash 2014-01-01.
Annex, Latvia row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 3.45280 LTL.
art.1, Lithuania currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Lithuania: euro adoption 2015-01-01; cash 2015-01-01.
Annex, Lithuania row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 7.53450 HRK.
art.1, Croatia currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Croatia: euro adoption 2023-01-01; cash 2023-01-01.
Annex, Croatia row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
1 EUR = 1.95583 BGN.
art.1, Bulgaria currency row; exact decimal retained
Article 2’s original 1999 commencement does not backdate later-added currencies.
Country-specific dates come from the separate 974/98 annex.
Bulgaria: euro adoption 2026-01-01; cash 2026-01-01.
Annex, Bulgaria row; arts.2–3 provide substitution
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
German-mark legal tender ended on 31 December 2001; voluntary retail/banking acceptance continued through 28 February 2002.
Adoption of the euro paragraph
Distinguishes legal tender from voluntary acceptance.
Original national legal instrument not inspected.
The ECB evaluation preserves a December 2001 plan with distinct national last-tender dates; the table is not treated as proof of all actual outcomes.
printed p.50 / PDF p.52, table heading and last-tender row
The p.50 table expressly records plans as at 20 December 2001.
Dates are retained as planned, except Germany separately corroborated; no automatic actual-outcome claim.
The graph represents 21 national substitutions as converging conversion branches, with ECU reference succession separately typed; no country is chosen as the euro’s sole primary parent.
arts.2–3 and Annex; editorial representation
Consolidation, not an as-made 1998 text.
National short cash-withdrawal periods and every accession amendment were not individually audited.
The euro succeeds the French franc at the irrevocable conversion rate. Book-money adoption; cash followed in 2002.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Euro notes and coins enter circulation in France.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Western CFA euro anchor.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Central CFA euro anchor. Equal parity does not merge XAF with XOF.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
CFP euro anchor. Keep this exact orientation; a rounded reciprocal is not the legal definition.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Comorian euro anchor. Use published legal parity; do not replace it with an unrounded arithmetic product.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Belgian euro conversion.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Luxembourg euro conversion.
Named short source page; relevant history/definition passage as reported in the handoff.
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
Official ECU references in legal instruments were replaced by euro references at one euro per ECU from 1 January 1999. Existing C 642 retains the rebuttable presumption for undefined ECU references.
ECB annex §1; retained C642 / Regulation1103/97 art2
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Original Regulation 1103/97 retrieval blocked by anti-bot page; existing S346/C642 retained without claiming fresh full-law retrieval.
ECB annex §1; retained C642 / Regulation1103/97 art2
ECU definition/presumption and contractual exceptions matter; arithmetic uses the published national-units-per-euro rate, not a rounded inverse.
XOF acquired an explicit euro anchor from 1 January 1999 under the continuing monetary cooperation arrangements.
1998 and 1 January 1999 entries, web lines 73–74
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
XAF acquired an explicit euro anchor from 1 January 1999 under the continuing monetary cooperation arrangements.
1998 and 1 January 1999 entries, web lines 73–74
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.
KMF acquired an explicit euro anchor from 1 January 1999 under the continuing monetary cooperation arrangements.
1998 and 1 January 1999 entries, web lines 73–74
Handoff acceptance is not a claim that every source was independently reread.